Alkyl polyglycoside surfactants

Henkel makes alkyl polyglycoside surfactants from alcohols derived from coconut and palm oils, and glucose derived from cornstarch.277 The preparation can be done with /3-D-glucosidase.278 Sucrose monoesters of long-chain fatty acids can also be made enzymatically.279 A variety of biosurfactants are produced by various organisms that can be grown in culture.280... 

Glucopon. [Henkel/Emery] Alkyl polyglycoside surfactant detergent wetting agent surface/interfadal tension reducer, persant for laundry detergents, liq. cleaners, hard surface cleaners, institutional and industrial cleaners. 

FIG. 5 Alkyl polyglycoside surfactants—industrial synthesis pathways. 

Alkyl polyglycosides have long been known but only now, following several years research, has it been possible to develop reaction conditions that allow manufacture on a commercial scale. The structure on which these compounds are based corresponds exactly to the surfactant model described above. The hydro-phobic (or lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain is formed by a fatty alcohol (dodecanol/ tetradecanol) obtained from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The hydrophilic part of the molecule is based on glucose (dextrose) obtained from starch (Fig. 4.14). 

A. Behler, H. Hensen, W. Seipel, Alkyl Polyglycoside Carboxylate - A New Anionic Surfactant, Proceedings 6th World Surfactant Congress, Cesio 2004, Berlin, June 20-23, 2004. 

Steber, J., Guhl, W., Stelter, N. and Schroder, F.R. (1995) Alkyl polyglycosides-ecological evaluation of a new generation of nonionic surfactants. Tenside Surf. Det., 32, 515-523. 

Another class of nonionic surfactants are the alkyl glycosides, also known as alkyl polyglycosides [518], They consist of mono- or oligosucrose, glucose, or sorbitol as hydrophilic head group with an alkyl chain as hydrophobic tail. 

Coco-Based Surfactants. The most important coconut oil-based surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfate, and fatty alcohol polyglycol ether. Two relatively new coco-based surfactants are fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate and alkyl polyglycoside, which is produced from fatty alcohol and starch or sugar, both renewable materials. 

Alkyl phosphates, also coco based, are formed by the reaction of fatty alcohol with phosphorous pentoxide. The product is a mixture of monoesters and diesters. Its sodium salt (MAP) is reportedly mild and is used in facial wash, such as Kao s Biore. Other uses are as antistatics in textile auxiliaries, corrosion inhibitors, surfactant additives for extreme pressure (EP) lubricants, and surfactant components in alkali and acid cleaners. Coco-based alkyl polyglycosides (APG) have been successfully produced and marketed by Henkel in the United States. The alkyl polyglycoside fuUy satisfies the demand for a mild surfactant and is completely biodegradable. 

A third class of industrial chemical biocides consists of agents with the ability to inhibit biological film formation, also called surfactants . The term surfactant originates from the phrase surface active agent. Surfactants fall into four broad categories anionic (e.g., soaps, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl phosphates), cationic (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts), nonionic (e.g., alkyl polyglycosides, alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates), and zwitterionic. 

The glycosidation of the reducing sugars obtained from hemicelluloses leads to the alkyl polypentosides surfactants. Glycosylation needs fatty alcohols as raw materials. Natural fatty alcohols derived, for example, from coconut or palm kernel oil are used in the alkyl polyglycoside synthesis to buUd up the hydrophobic part of the surfactants. These alcohols are used as blends obtained after transesterification and fractionation of oils leading to corresponding fatty acid methyl esters, and... 

Quaternary ammonium amphoteric and anionic surfactants alkyl polyglycoside... 

Quaternary ammonium, amphoteric, and anionic surfactants, alkyl polyglycoside, emolhent, amide... 

The development of cosmetic microemulsion cleansers with alkyl polyglycosides (APG) was described by Forster et al. [4]. This class of non-ionic surfactants has excellent environmental and skin compatibility. Cosmetic cleanser multicomponent systems are required to have good foaming and cleansing performance. Figure 8.3 shows a pseudo-ternary phase diagram of a five-component formulation. It consists of water, the oil dioctyl cyclohexane (DOCH), the non-ionic surfactant C12/14-APG, the anionic surfactant fatty alcohol ether sulphate (FAES) and the co-surfactant sorbitan monolaurate (SML). The phase diagram... 

The most extensive group of ether surfactants is that of polyethoxylated long-chain alcohols and related ethoxylated products considered, in view of their practical importance, in a separate section. Other ether nonionics of importance are polypropylene glycols, propoxylated alcohols, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, block-copolymers of ethylene oxide and butylene oxide [8, 16-20], block-copolymers having a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane moiety [19, 21], as well as alkyl polyglycerides, alkyl polyglycosides, derivatives of maltose and other saccarides. 

The surfactant structure also produces a substantial influence on their action mechanism in the washing process. It is shown in [87] that alkyl polyglycosides are not only emulsifiers but also... 

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