Alkyl polyglycosides applications

Hirsinger F (1997) Life-cycle inventory. In Rybinski W, Hill K (eds) Alkyl polyglycosides technology properties and applications. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim... 

At the same time, surfactants like alkylbenzene sulfonates remain the most widely used basis for laundry detergents. Anionics remain the main products for making detergent compositions. Some of the application aspects of relatively new types of anionics (a-olefin sulfonates, sulfocarboxylic acids, alkyl phosphates etc.), whose commercial manufacture began in the 60-ties - 70-ties of the 20 century, are described by Stache [95]. The application of conventional types of nonionics like ethoxylated alcohols or alkyl phenols is presented in [13 -14], Alkyl polyglycosides were widely used in the last 5-8 years [96]. However, the main tendency in the development of new generation detergents is the use of surfactant mixtures in their optimum composition [97, 98]. 

Source Adapted from Andree, H., Hessel, J. F., Kings, P., Meine, G., Middelhauve, B., and Schmid, K., in Alkyl Polyglycosides Technology, Properties and Applications, WCHPKh s >e.rs, New York, 1997, 98-130. 

One successful solution to overcome the problem of nonselective derivatization of carbohydrates was the glucosidation found by Fischer [12], The technical process is an adaptation of Fischer s synthesis using long-chain fatty alcohols and a controlled degree of polymerization. So alkyl polyglycosides (APG) with different application properties can be produced. 

These surfactant classes are a subset of those used in cleaning applications, and there are classes that are noticeably absent from the list above, such as alcohol sulfates, salts of fatty acids (soaps), alkanolamides, aliphatic sulfonates, betaines (amphoterics), methyl ester sulfonates and the relatively new alkyl polyglycosides. All of these have seen various applications in the petroleum industry, but perhaps lesser importance in EOR. Cost, availability and performance are the obvious issues in determining the potential use of surfactants in EOR. 

K. Hill et al. (ed), Alkyl polyglycosides - Technology, Properties and Applications, VCH, Weinheim, Germany (1997). 

This provides for interesting applications because, in contrast to fatty alcohol ethoxylates, temperature-stable microemulsions can be formed with alkyl polyglycosides. By varying the surfactant content, the type of surfactant used, and the oil/water ratio, microemulsions can be produced with custom-made performance properties, such as transparency, viscosity, refatting effect, and foaming behavior. In mixed systems of, say, alkyl ether sulfates and nonionic coemulsifiers (alkyl polyglycoside), extended microemulsion areas... 

Among the numerous applications of alkyl polyglycosides, three examples will be given in the following summary. 

Hill, K. von Rybinski, W. StoU, G. Alkyl Polyglycosides Technology, Properties and Applications, VCH Weinheim, 1997. 

So far as the indnstrial prodnction of alkyl polyglycosides is concerned, processes based on the Fischer synthesis have been successfully adopted. Development work over 20 years has enabled the efficiency of this synthesis ronte to be increased to a level where it has finally become attractive for indnstrial application. Optimization work, particnlarly in the nse of long-chain alcohols, snch as dodecanoFtetradecanol, has resulted in distinct improvements in product quality and process economy. 

A more detailed evaluation of a skin surface profile after application of alkyl polyglycoside is provided by profilometry. The various statistical parameters which differentiate roughness of the skin describe a skin smoothing effect for alkyl polyglycosides [71,75,78]. The standardized mean swelling values (Q ac-... 

Another important speciality application are baby care shampoos which utilize the excellent dermatological compatibility of alkyl polyglycosides as a surfactant base in combination with other mild ingredients. For conditioning effects, incorporation of a cationic wheat protein hydrolyzate has a remarkably low irritation potential in the hens egg test (HET-CAM). 

Subchronic toxicity is the adverse effect produced by the repeated daily administration of a chemical substance to experimental animals for part (not more than 10%) of their lifespan. The international standard test method for oral application is OECD guideline No. 408. A subchronic toxicity study was carried out with a C,2,4 alkyl polyglycoside in male and female Wistar rats over a period of 90 days. 

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