Polymer/metal interfaces

R. L. Whalen, "Connective Tissue Response to Movement at the Prosthesis /Tissue Interface," in Biocompatib/e Polymers, Metals and Composites, Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, Pa., 1983. 

Whilst the origin of such turbulence (melt fracture) remains a subject of debate it does appear to be associated with the periodic relief of built-up elastic stresses by slippage effects at or near polymer-metal interfaces. 

Wool [32] has considered the fractal nature of polymer-metal and of polymer-polymer surfaces. He argues that diffusion processes often lead to fractal interfaces. Although the concentration profile varies smoothly with the dimension of depth, the interface, considered in two or three dimensions is extremely rough [72]. Theoretical predictions, supported by practical measurements, suggest that the two-dimensional profile through such a surface is a self-similar fractal, that is one which appears similar at all scales of magnification. Interfaces of this kind can occur in polymer-polymer and in polymer-metal systems. 

Polymer-metal fractal interfaces may result from processes such as vacuum deposition and chemical vapour deposition where metal atoms can diffuse con-... 

Although the observations for PPV photodiodes of different groups are quite similar, there are still discussions on the nature of the polymer-metal contacts and especially on the formation of space charge layers on the Al interface. According to Nguyen et al. [70, 711 band bending in melal/PPV interfaces is either caused by surface states or by chemical reactions between the polymer and the metal and... 

After polarization to more anodic potentials than E the subsequent polymeric oxidation is not yet controlled by the conformational relaxa-tion-nucleation, and a uniform and flat oxidation front, under diffusion control, advances from the polymer/solution interface to the polymer/metal interface by polarization at potentials more anodic than o-A polarization to any more cathodic potential than Es promotes a closing and compaction of the polymeric structure in such a magnitude that extra energy is now required to open the structure (AHe is the energy needed to relax 1 mol of segments), before the oxidation can be completed by penetration of counter-ions from the solution the electrochemical reaction starts under conformational relaxation control. So AHC is the energy required to compact 1 mol of the polymeric structure by cathodic polarization. Taking... 

Figure 2 Velocity field triangulation at the inlet using 64 triangles. The dotted line indicates the polymer-metal interface, and the dimensions are in centimeters.

Most important for many applications of S-layer lattices in molecular nanotechnology, biotechnology, and biomimetics was the observation that S-layer proteins are capable of reassembling into large coherent monolayers on solid supports (e.g., silicon wafers, polymers, metals) at the air/water interface and on Langmuir lipid films (Fig. 6) (see Sections V and VIII). 

A special class ofblock copolymers with blocks of very different polarity is known as amphiphilic (Figure 10.1). In general, the word amphiphile is used to describe molecules that stabilize the oil-water interface (e.g., surfactants). To a certain extent, amphiphilic block copolymers allow the generalization of amphi-philicity. This means that molecules can be designed that stabilize not only the oil-water interface but any interface between different materials with different cohesion energies or surface tensions (e.g., water-gas, oil-gas, polymer-metal, or polymer-polymerinterfaces). This approach is straightforward, since the wide variability of the chemical structure of polymers allows fine and specific adjustment of both polymer parts to any particular stabilization problem. 

Oxide-water interfaces, in silica polymer-metal ion solutions, 22 460—461 Oxidimetric method, 25 145 Oxidization devices, 10 77-96 catalytic oxidization, 10 78—96 thermal oxidation, 20 77-78 Oxidized mercury, 23 181 Oxidized polyacrylonitrile fiber (OPF), 23 384... 

McClelland, D.E. and Chung, C.I., Shear Stress at Polymer/Metal Interface During Melting in Extrusion, Polym. Eng. Set, 23, 100 (1983)... 

F energy flux produced via frictional dissipation at a polymer-metal interface... 

Kahn A, Koch N, Gao WY (2003) Electronic structure and electrical properties of interfaces between metals and pi-conjugated molecular films. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41 2529... 

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