Alkanolamides ester amine

Alkanolamides based on DEA are tertiary amides and are not as stable as MEA amides such that a significant amount of esters can remain in equilibrium with the amide. The ester amines and esteramides of DEA have undesirable performance properties, but these components can be reduced by utilizing an excess of DEA to drive equilibrium toward the amide form. The most common version is prepared by the reaction of 2 moles of DEA with 1 mole of coconut fatty add or ester to give the Kritchevsky or Ninol-type DEA amide, which is liquid at room temperature. Products made with slightly more than a 1 1 molar ratio of DEA to fatty acid or ester are referred to as superamides and at reaction temperatures of 140-160°C, the mixture contains high level of ester components and free amine. However, with sufficient time at storage temperatures <50°C, the composition will increase in amide and decrease in ester and free-amine components and thus can be aged into specification for free DEA and ester content. 

Significant quantities of amine and amide esters are formed by side reactions (9). In addition, with dialkanolamines, amide diesters, morpholines, and piperazines can be obtained, depending on the starting material. Reaction of dialkanolamines with fatty acids in a 2 1 ratio, at 140—160°C, produces a second major type of alkanolamide. These products, in contrast to the 1 1 alkanolamides, are water soluble they are complex mixtures of AJ-alkanolamides, amine esters, and diesters, and still contain a considerable amount of unreacted dialkanolamine, accounting for the water solubiUty of the product. Both the 1 1 and the 2 1 alkanolamides are of commercial importance in detergents. 

Polyethers, alkanolamides, alkyls, alkylethoxylates, amines, benzyls, carbohydrates, esters, perfluoroalkyls Alkyl-, amidoimidazoline- and carboxy-quaternary ammonium salts Betaines, phosphobetaines, sulfobetaines... 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

Antistatic agents Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Amine ethoxylates Phosphate esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

The term non-ionic surfactant usually refers to derivatives of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with an alcohol containing an active hydrogen atom. However other types such as alkyl phenols, sugar esters, alkanolamides, amine oxides, fatty acids, fatty amines and polyols are all produced and used widely throughout the world in a multitude of industries. This chapter covers the production of these materials and how they can be modified to meet the desired end product use. 

The reaction is a two-stage reaction with the initial formation of the alkanolamine soap followed by dehydration to form the alkanolamide. At the same time, significant quantities of amine esters and amide esters are formed by the side reaction. If a dialkanolamine is used as the starting material, smaller amounts of amine diester and amide diester are formed as well as some morpholine and piperazine derivatives. 

There are at least four types of alkanolamide commercially available. The first is formed by reacting monoalkanolamine or dialkanolamine with fatty acids in a 1 1 ratio at elevated temperatures of 140-160°C. Signihcant quantities of the byproducts—amine esters and amide esters—are also formed. 

Ethylan . [HarcrosUK] Alkanolamides or ethoxylated ethers, esters, or amines detergent, wetting agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, solubilizer, antifoam, dispersant, andstat, foam booster/stabi-lizer, lubricant for industrial cleaners, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles. 

Reactions of fatty acids and hydroxyalkylamines yield low purity products which are water soluble (40). They are prepared at 160—180°C while venting the water produced with 85—95% yields. Higher purity can be obtained by the reaction of fatty acid esters with hydroxyalkjiamines in the presence of alkali (41) or alkali metal oxides (42,43). These "superamides" are water insoluble and have better foam stability and rheological characteristics in aqueous dispersions. Disubstituted alkanolamides can be synthesized from many mono or dialkjdene oxide amine condensation products. More complex but commercially usefljl Lamepon, RCON(CH2)CH2COONa (44), and Igepon, RCON(CH2) 2 2 3 i es can be prepared from acylation with fatty acid chlorides. 

These surfactants are produced by reacting fatty acids or fatty methyl esters with ethanolamine or diethanolamine. With fatty acids, conventional amides (sometimes called Kritchevsky alkanolamides) are obtained that consist of approximately 50% amide, 25% unreacted diethanolamine and 25% of various by-products (the amine ester the amide ester, and the amine soap). With methyl esters, higher-active (90% amide) alkanolamides are produced these are known as super amides . 

Some variants of sulfosuccinates are derived from other substituted fatty molecules such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty amines, or fatty alkanolamides the recourse to amines (yielding sulfosuccinamates) is, however, less frequent. When using equimolar ratios, monoesters (sometime called half-esters ) are obtained, whereas with excess alcohol (or other substituted fatty molecules), diesters are obtained. 

The two most common types of alkanolamides, diethanolamides and mo-noethanolamides, are made by reacting a fatty acid or ester with diethanolamine (DEA) or monoethanolamine (MEA), respectively (Eig. 6) [11], For the diethanolamides, x h- y = 2 generally for the monoethanolamides, n = 5 or more. The EO chain can be extended on the ethanolamides in the same way as the ethoxylated amines by using a basic catalyst and adding the desired amount of EO. 

Ethoxylated alkylphenols Ethoxylated phosphate esters Ethoxylated alkanolamides Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates Sulfosuccinates acid salts Amine alkylbenzene sulfonates Petroleum sulfonates Soaps/fatty-acid mixtures Fatty-acid esters of sorbitans... 

The most common examples of this class are diesters of 2-ethylhexanol. However, there are commercial products which are monoesters, diesters, or mixtures of the two. The alcohol portion of the ester may be fatty alcohol, fatty acid alkanolamide, or ethoxylated fatty amine. They are typically synthesized by forming the ester or amide with maleic anhydride, followed by reaction of the alkyl fumarate with sodium bisulfite. The monoesters are often used in cosmetics and shampoos. 

AE, NPE, acid ethoxylates, amine ethoxylates, esters, ethoxylated esters, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, EO/PO copolymers LAS, alkyl sulfates, ether sulfates, isethionates, sulfosuccinate half ester, carboxylates, sarcosides, taurides, fatty acid alkanolamides, amine oxides, quaternary amines, betaines, imidazoline derivatives detection in personal care formulations... 

In a more demanding application, the synthesis of various fatty acid alkanolamides was followed by quantitative HPLC using a reversed-phase column and a THF/acetoni-trile/water, pH 2.6, mobile phase. Refractive index detection was used. The methyl ester starting materials were resolved, as were free fatty acids mono-, di-, and triglycerides dialkanolamides and amine esters (154). As a mle, GC or TLC methods provide a more complete characterization of reaction products than does HPLC. 

Iodine vapor is generally suitable for visualization of nonionics and is compatible with densitometry (14,46,47). The plate must be covered with another glass plate or photographed immediately, since the iodine color fades rapidly in air (48). Acid blue 158 has been shown to be a good, general purpose visualizer for surfactants (49). It was demonstrated for detection of AE and NPE as well as ethoxylated amines and an alkanolamide. Cobalt thiocyanate reagent, commonly used for spectrophotometric determination of nonionic surfactants, has also been used as a visualizer for qualitative TLC analysis (50.51). Formation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate ester derivatives allows visualization with UV light of surfactants without chromophores (52). 

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