Alkaline manganese, secondary

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese secondary batteries, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium. 

Zinc/carbon and alkaline/manganese cells are primary battery systems lead, nickel/cadmium, and nickel/metal hydride accumulators are secondary batteries with aqueous electrolyte solutions. Their per-... 

Batteries using an alkaline solution for electrolyte are commonly called alkaline batteries. They are high-power owing to the high conductivity of the alkaline solution. Alkaline batteries include primary batteries, typical of which are alkaline-manganese batteries, and secondary batteries, typical of which are nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries. These batteries are widely used. 

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

For battery separators, regenerated cellulose is placed on the surface of nonwoven so that the nonwoven is available to promote the wicking of the electrolyte. The nonwovens should not allow the penetration of viscose into itself. Suitable nonwovens are made from polypropylene, poly(vinyl alcohol), and hardwood hemps. Regenerated cellulose films are commonly used in alkaline manganese cells, both primary and secondary, in NiCd industrial batteries, as well as in silver—zinc batteries. 

This type of cell is another variant on the basic Leclanche cell. In this case, the electrolyte is a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (about 30%), partly converted to potassium zincate by the addition of zinc oxide. The main advantage of alkaline manganese cells over Leclanche cells is their relatively constant capacity over a wide range of current drains and under severe service schedule conditions. Another feature of this system is that it can be the basis of a secondary battery system. The cell reaction may be written formally as... 

All the zinc-based cells, except for the alkaline manganese cell under certain conditions, are primary cells. Secondary (rechargeable) cells are generally based on cadmium rather than zinc, especially in the form of nickel-cadmium cells. 

The development of new products with less or without dangerous substances must be a future goal of priority to avoid hazards to the environment. Good examples are lithium primary and secondary cells and the mercury-free rechargeable alkaline manganese dioxide cell, which is produced at a pilot plant in Canada [57]. But also the nickel-metalhydride cell will be a favourite to supplement and partly substitute nickel-cadmium cells. 

Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Batteries. Several of the conventional primary battery systems have been manufactured as rechargeable batteries, but the only one currently being manufactured is the cylindrical cell using the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry. Its major advantage is a higher capacity than the conventional secondary batteries and a lower initial cost, but its cycle life and rate capability are limited. 

Within each Part, chapters are included on all available types of primary batteries, secondary batteries and batteries available in primary and secondary versions. The primary batteries include carbon-zinc, carbon-zinc chloride, mercury-zinc and other mercury types, manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate, magnesium organic, lithium types (sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride, vanadium pentoxide, iodine and numerous other lithium types), thermally activated and seawater batteries. Batteries available in primary and secondary Corms include alkaline manganese, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, zinc-air and cadmium-air. The secondary batteries discussed include lead-acid, the nickel types (cadmium, iron, zinc, hydrogen), zinc-chlorine, sodium-sulphur and other fast ion types. 

The alkaline manganese battery is an example of a type of battery that, until quite recently, was available only in the non-rechargeable (primary) form but has now become available in a rechargeable (secondary)... 

Chloride Industries Battery Ltd, 7480 Bath Road, Mississauga, L4T IL2 Ontario Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium. 

Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel—cadmium. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

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