Alkali sodium

REACTIONS OF THE ELEMENTS WITH ALKALIS (SODIUM HYDROXIDE)... 

Only chloric(III) acid, HCIO2, is definitely known to exist. It is formed as one of the products of the reaction of water with chlorine dioxide (see above). Its salts, for example NaClOj, are formed together with chlorates)V) by the action of chlorine dioxide on alkalis. Sodium chlorate(III) alone may be obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of sodium peroxide and chlorine dioxide ... 

Removal of acids from water-immiscible solvents by washing with aqueous alkali, sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate. 

Skin Inorganic acids (chromic, nitric) organic acids (acetic, butyric) inorganic alkalis (sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate) organic bases (amines) organic solvents. Dusts Detergents salts (nickel sulphate, zinc chloride) acids, alkalis, chromates. ... 

The most common fuels used are gas (natural gas, methane, propane, synthesis gas) and light fuel oils. Contaminants such as ash, alkalis (sodium and potassium) and sulphur result in deposits, which degrade performance and cause corrosion in the hot section of the turbine. Total alkalis and total sulphur in the fuel should both be typically less than 10 ppm. Gas turbines can be equipped with dual firing to allow the machine to be switched between fuels. 

Other wastes that are typical of a refinery include (1) waste oils, process chemicals, and still resides (2) nonspecification chemicals and/or products (3) waste alkali (sodium hydroxide) (4) waste oil sludge (from interceptors, tanks, and lagoons) and (5) solid wastes (cartons, rags, catalysts, and coke). 

Sodium in Plants and Animals. By macerating certain plants in warm water acidified with different mineral acids, G.-F. Rouelle (1703-1770) prepared and identified the neutral sodium salts of the corresponding acids and thus demonstrated the presence of the mineral alkali (sodium carbonate) in these plants. He believed that the sodium carbonate was not merely absorbed from the soil but that it was a true product of vegetation (11). 

Heat a little sodium chloride in a platinum crucible to bright redness, and add a couple of drops of water to the hot crucible so that the water assumes the spheroidal state. In a moment, transfer the water to a beaker containing a faintly coloured soln. of blue litmus —the litmus is reddened, showing the presence of an acid—hydrochloric acid. The salt remaining in the crucible is dissolved in water, and it turns red litmus blue, showing the presence of an alkali—sodium hydroxide. There appears to be a reaction NaCl+H20 NaOH +HC1, and the water abstracts the more volatile hydrogen chloride. 

If iron is present, the dry residue is subjected for several weeks to sunlight which renders the iron insoluble in acetic acid, after which acetic acid dissolves the calcium and magnesium carbonates which are separated by dilute sulphuric acid, precipitating calcium and dissolving magnesia. The residue from acetic acid treatment consists of clay, silicious matter and iron. The clay and iron are dissolved by marine acid (hydrochloric) and the iron precipitated by caustic alkali (phlogisticated alkali) and the clay by alkali carbonate. The silicious matter may be identified by its complete solution with effervescence under the blowpipe with mineral alkali (sodium carbonate). 

Transparent brown iron oxides are produced by precipitating iron(II) salt solutions with dilute alkali (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) and oxidizing with air. Only two-thirds of the precipitated iron hydroxide, oxide hydrate, or carbonate is oxidized. Alternatively, the iron oxides can be produced by complete oxidation of... 

Lead chromates are prepared by precipitation techniques from soluble salts in aqueous media. The raw material list includes a number of different lead compounds, eg, litharge, lead nitrate, basic lead acetate, basic lead carbonate, as well as acids, alkalies, sodium bichromate, and sodium chromate. The typical reaction can be represented by the following equation ... 

Sodium hypnnitrite Na N 0 is formed (I) by reaction of sodium nitrate or nitrite solution with sodium amalgam (sodium dissolved in incrcuryl, alter which acetic acid is added to neutralize the alkali. Sodium stannite ferrous hydroxide, or electrolytic reduction w ith mercury cathode may also be utilized. (2) by reaclion of hydroxylamine sulfonic acid and sodium hydroxide. Silver hyponitrite is formed by reaclion of silver nitrate solution and sodium hyponitrite. 

Tin forms two series of compounds tin(II) or stannous compounds and tint IV1 or stannic compounds. Tin(ll) oxide, SnO, insoluble in water, is formed by precipitation of an SnO hydrate from an S11CL solution with alkali and later treatment in water (near the boiling point and at constant pH). It is amphiprotic, but only slightly acid, forming stannites slowly with strong alkalis. Sodium stannite is conveniently prepared from... 

Finally, this is reacted with the alkali sodium hydroxide, NaOH. 

The weathering of surface rocks has had a critical role in the chemical evolution of the continental crust for most of the Earth s history. In the presence of air and water, mafic minerals tend to rapidly weather into iron (oxy)(hydr)oxides, clays, and other silicate minerals, and at least partially water-soluble salts of alkalis (sodium and potassium) and alkaline earths (calcium and magnesium). In contrast, quartz in felsic and intermediate igneous rocks is very stable in the presence of surface air and water, which explains why the mineral readily accumulates in sands and other sediments. 

Among the oxides and hydroxides which exhibit the power of acting both as acid and basic compounds are cupric hydroxide, Cu(OH)2, which dissolves in a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide with a dark blue colour zinc and cadmium hydroxides, which dissolve in excess of alkali sodium zincate has been separated by addition of alcohol, and is precipitated in white needles of the formula Na2ZnO .8H20 and aluminium hydroxide, which dissolves in alkali, forming an aluminate, MA102 ... 

For aromatic aldehydes, 50% alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) is most generally used, except for nitrobenzaldehydes, where 15-35% alkali is sufficient to bring about the reaction and, to control it so as to reduce the extent to which side products are formed. The use of less than about 50% alkali usually prolongs the time of the reaction atad, since the products are not sensitive to the action of caustic, offers no advantages. Alcoholic potassium hydroxide (about 25%) has been employed with success for the dismutation of methoxybenzaldehydes but appears to offer no particular advantages since o-methoxybenzalde-hyde is converted into the alcohol in excellent yield by the action of concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide. Alcoholic alkali may be preferred for difficultly soluble aldehydes. 

A valuable route to benzofurazans is provided by deoxygenation of the corresponding benzofuroxan. This may be accomplished either directly using trialkyl phosphites, tributyl-or triphe nyl-phosphine, or indirectly via the quinone dioxime using, for example, methanol and potassium hydroxide, hydroxylamine and alkali, sodium azide in DMSO or ethylene glycol, sodium borohydride, and occasionally thermolysis alone. More detailed discussion of these reactions is included in Section 4.22.3.2.4. 

In the process, miscella leaves the extractor at about 30-35 percent oil and is concentrated to approximately 65 percent oil by evaporation. The FFA in the concentrate then is reacted with alkali (sodium hydroxide solution) to produce soaps that are removed with other water-soluble compounds by centrifugation. Next, the solvent is removed from the miscella-refined oil by further evaporation, and the soapstock is spread on the meal in the DT to recover its solvent. Hexane vapors from the miscella and the DT are condensed, and the solvent is recycled to the extractor for reuse. The noncondensable gases are passed through a mineral oil stripper to recover the last traces of hexane. 

Lead chromates and lead molybdates are produced by precipitation of soluble salts in aqueous media. Various lead sources include litharge, lead nitrate, basic lead actetate, and lead carbonate. The lead carbonate and basic lead acetate are used primarily to control particle size. Other ingredients include acids, alkalis, sodium bichromate, and sodium chromate. Additionally, molybdate orange manufacture involves the use of sodium molybdate and sodium sulfate as raw materials. 

In order for starch molecules to become detached from one another, they must be hydrated, a process accomplished in water slurry by using either thermal or chemical energy. Only then will the molecules be separated and uncoiled enough to be able to latch onto other separate particles and act as an adhesive. The most common form of chemical hydration of starch is through the use of aqueous alkali. Sodium hydroxide is capable of hydrating starch molecules without heat, but a specific minimum concentration must be reached for that to occur (2). 

Saponification is a chemical process in which an ester is heated with aqueous alkali (sodium hydroxide) to form an alcohol and the sodium salt of the acid corresponding to the ester. The sodium salt formed is called soap. 

Reduction of the corresponding nitroarylarsinic acid by the aid of ferrous salts and alkali, sodium, amalgam and methyl alcohol, or ammonium sulphide. 

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