Marine acid

However, Scheele believed he had prepared a compound (dephlogisticated marine acid air) and the misconception was compounded by C.-L. Berthollet who showed in 1785 that the action of chlorine on water releases oxygen tCl2(g) -F... 

One of the notable events in Scheele s life was a discovery that he didn t make. In 1774 he obtained chlorine gas by dissolving a new element that he had discovered, manganese, in hydrochloric add. He gave the gas the cumbersome name dephlogisticated marine acid... 

It is therefore to the vital air [oxygen] of the manganese [pyrolusite], which combines with the marine acid, that the formation of the dephlogisticated marine acid is due. I ought to state that this theory was presented and announced some time ago by M. Lavoisier, and that M. de Fourcroy made use of it in his Elements of Chemistry and Natural History to explain the properties of dephlogisticated marine acid such as they were then known. 

Dephlogisticated marine acid] is manifestly formed by the combination of vital air with marine acids but in it the vital air is deprived of a part of the principle of elasticity, and adheres so feebly to the marine acids that the action of light suffices to disengage it promptly, light having more affinity for its base than marine acid has (4). 

Ibid., p. 20. C.-L. Bebthollet, Memoir on Dephlogistieated Marine Acid, ... 

If it is wished to obtain the marine acid from sal ammoniac, vitriolic acid is employed, known to have greater power than that of marine acid it removes by its superiority of force, the alkali which was its base or its matrix and takes it for its own, and the marine acid, thus disengaged and free, passes off in distillation. ... 

Synonyms 1,2-Benzopyrone 5,6-benzo-2-pyrone benzo-a-pyrone cis-ortho-co x-marinic acid lactone coumarinic anhydride ort/jo-hydroxyciimamic acid lactone... 

Nitrated silver solution affords a most complete method of detecting the smallest trace of marine acid (hydrochloric acid) he cautions, however, that sulphur com-... 

If iron is present, the dry residue is subjected for several weeks to sunlight which renders the iron insoluble in acetic acid, after which acetic acid dissolves the calcium and magnesium carbonates which are separated by dilute sulphuric acid, precipitating calcium and dissolving magnesia. The residue from acetic acid treatment consists of clay, silicious matter and iron. The clay and iron are dissolved by marine acid (hydrochloric) and the iron precipitated by caustic alkali (phlogisticated alkali) and the clay by alkali carbonate. The silicious matter may be identified by its complete solution with effervescence under the blowpipe with mineral alkali (sodium carbonate). 

By the action of marine acid on the black oxide of manganese, Scheele obtained chlorine gas and described its principal characteristic properties. He called it dephlo-gisticated marine acid. The name was reasonable from his point of view, since inflammable air (hydrogen) was conceived to be chiefly phlogiston and the above action deprived marine acid of its hydrogen. Chlorine was not conceived to be elementary in its nature even by Lavoisier Sir Humphry Davy, in 1810, was the discoverer of its elementary nature, and he it was who suggested the name chlorine. ... 

In 1773 it occurred to Priestley to apply the method he had used to obtain his marine acid air to see whether an alkaline air might be obtained from substances containing volatile alkali. He procured some volatile spirit of sal ammoniac (that is, ammonia water), placed it in a thin phial and heated it with a candle. A great quantity of vapor was discharged, which, collected over mercury, continued in the form of a transparent and permanent air, not at all condensed by cold. Sal volatile (that is, ammonium carbonate) and other salts obtained by the distillation of sal volatile with fixed alkalies, were tried but found to yield much fixed air also, so that he eventually used the mixture then customary for preparing the volatile spirit of sal ammoniac, viz., one part of sal ammoniac with three parts of slaked lime, which furnished him a large and easily controlled supply of pure alkaline air. ... 

It is water impregnated with vitriolic acid air that may be converted into ice, whereas water impregnated with fluor acid will not freeze. I had observed that with respect to marine acid air and alkaline air (NH3) that they dissolve ice, and that water impregnated with them is incapable of freezing, at least in such a degrees of cold as I had exposed them to. The same I find, is the case with fluor acid air, but it is not so at all with vitriolic acid air, which, entirely contrary to my expectation,... 

Synonyms Chlorhydric acid, HCL, Marine acid, Muriatic acid, Spirit of salt, Spirit of sea salt. 

Kirwan s measurement of affinities, which won him the Copley Medal of the Royal Society, was directly stimulated by Guyton s work. " The three papers he presented to the Royal Society contained a number of innovations that lasting effects on European chemistry. Though Kirwan usually emerges in the historiography of the Chemical Revolution as a loser who supported the phlogiston theory, his focus on the saturation capacity of acids and bases as the true measure of affinities opened a new frontier of analytic chemistry which developed into nineteenth-century stoichiometry. He also tapped the true revolutionary potential of pneumatic chemistry by enlisting marine acid air as the... 

Instead, Kirwan proceeded in a different direction, measuring the capacities or respective quantities of acids and alkalis required in making neutral salts, or the point of saturation. In doing so, he followed closely Homberg s precedent, which reveals his intimate knowledge of French chemical literature. Fluent in French, he had a complete set of the academy s memoirs in his library. In order to circumvent the necessary imprecision in such measurements deriving from the variety of acids and alkalis used by chemists, he invented a standard—spirit of salt or marine acid produced by saturating distilled water with marine acid air ... 

---