Alkali, mineral

Tetraalkylammonium salts, e.g. R4N I , are known, on treatment with moist silver oxide, AgOH, to yield basic solutions comparable in strength with the mineral alkalis. This is readily understandable for the base so obtained, R4N eOH, is bound to be completely ionised as there is no possibility, as with tertiary amines, etc.,... 

Sodium in Plants and Animals. By macerating certain plants in warm water acidified with different mineral acids, G.-F. Rouelle (1703-1770) prepared and identified the neutral sodium salts of the corresponding acids and thus demonstrated the presence of the mineral alkali (sodium carbonate) in these plants. He believed that the sodium carbonate was not merely absorbed from the soil but that it was a true product of vegetation (11). 

Hilaire-Marin Rouelle, a younger brother of Guillaume-Fran ois (Rouelle the Elder), observed in 1773 that the blood of man and animals contains free mineral alkali, common salt, and potassium chloride ( sylvisches Fiebersalz ) (26, 62). Jean-Baptiste-Michel Bicquet made... 

Henri-Louis du Hamel (or Duhamel) du Monceau, 1700—1782. French chemist and agriculturist who proved in 1736 that the mineral alkali (soda) is a constituent of common salt, of Glauber s salt, and of borax With his brother, M. de Denarn-villiers, he carried out important experiments in plant nutrition on their estate... 

In an attempt to find out whether the presence of soda or potash depended on a specific difference in the plants which produce them or on the composition of the soils, du Hamel devoted many years to agricultural experiments, at his estate at Denainvilliers, on the culture of the common saltwort (Salsola kali), a plant used for the manufacture of soda ash. The final analyses of the ash of this plant proved that in the first year the mineral alkali still predominated, but that in succeeding years the vegetable alkali rapidly increased until finally, after a few generations, the soda had almost disappeared (50). In these experiments, he had for many years the invaluable and enthusiastic help of his brother, M. de Denainvilliers. In his eulogy of du Hamel in the History of the Academy of Sciences, the Marquis de Condorcet gave the following characterizations of the two brothers ... 

Carl Friedrich Wenzel, 1740-1793. German physician and chemist. Chief assessor of the Freiberg mines and later chemist at the Meissen porcelain works. Author of The Doctrine of the Affinity of Substances, a work that deals primarily with chemical proportions. He determined quantitatively the amounts of various acids necessary to neutralize given quantities of plant alkali (KOH) and mineral alkali (NaOH). 

Mineral alkali Calcareous earth Volatile alkali... 

The major aluminous clay minerals, alkali zeolites and feldspars which are most commonly associated in nature can be considered as the phases present in a simplified chemical system. Zeolites can be chemiographically aligned between natrolite (Na) and phillipsite (K) at the silica-poor, and mordenite-clinoptilolite at the silica-rich end of the compositional series. Potassium mica (illite), montmorillonite, kaolinite, gibbsite and opal or amorphous silica are the other phases which can be expected in... 

If iron is present, the dry residue is subjected for several weeks to sunlight which renders the iron insoluble in acetic acid, after which acetic acid dissolves the calcium and magnesium carbonates which are separated by dilute sulphuric acid, precipitating calcium and dissolving magnesia. The residue from acetic acid treatment consists of clay, silicious matter and iron. The clay and iron are dissolved by marine acid (hydrochloric) and the iron precipitated by caustic alkali (phlogisticated alkali) and the clay by alkali carbonate. The silicious matter may be identified by its complete solution with effervescence under the blowpipe with mineral alkali (sodium carbonate). 

Soda Sulphate of Soda 3 Fixed mineral alkali Glauber s salt... 

Exsolution The unmixing of an initially homogeneous substance into two or more separate crystalline substances. For example, at 1000 °C and one bar pressure, sodium and potassium can readily substitute for each other in the crystalline structure of the aluminum silicate mineral alkali feldspar to form (Na,K)AlSi30g. At much lower temperatures, the sizes of the sodium and potassium atoms are too dissimilar for the crystalline structure to remain stable and the alkali feldspar separates (exsolves) into NaAlSisOg and KAlSisOg components (Klein, 2002), 143. 

Synonyms Caustic alkali, Caustic soda, Hydrate of soda, Hydrated oxide of sodium, Mineral alkali, Soda lye, Sodic hydrate, Sodium hydrate. 

Epitaxial crystallization of polymers has been investigated for a wide variety of substrates minerals (alkali halides, talc, mica, and so on), low molecular weight organic materials (condensed and linear aromatics, benzoic acid and many of its substituted variants and their salts or hemiacids, other organic molecules of different types), and other crystalline polymers. 

In 1736 Duhamel de Monceau noted the difference between the mineral alkali or soda obtained from rock-salt and the vegetable... 

Third, Boulduc s careful analysis yielded the important discovery that Glauber s salt, long known only in the laboratory, existed in nature. The next year, he identified two other natural salts as Glauber s salt because they were composed of vitriolic acid and the base of marine salt. These discoveries weakened Glauber s original opinion that his salt was not found all formed in nature and helped close the gap between the natural and the artificial salts. In the ensuing years, Boulduc continued to apply his techniques to a variety of subjects in order to refute the assumption that salts were the artificial products of fire. He hoped to discover a mineral alkali, or a natural and fossil alkali that existed before the fire analysis. Boulduc s careful work won esteem among the academicians. When Boulduc took up the analysis of another mineral water, Fontenelle praised the precise and exact nature of his work ... 

In the second paper, Kirwan examined the quantity of pure acids taken up at the point of saturation by the various substances they unite with, such as mineral alkali, volatile alkali, various earths, and phlogiston. The main focus of the paper was, however, on the identity of phlogiston with the inflammable air, which supposedly explained its elusive nature.Much like fixed air, the inflammable air could exist in two states fixed and elastic. Since it assumed aerial and elastic form as soon as it was released from bodies, it could never be produced single and disengaged from other substances. The fixed form of the inflammable air had to be phlogiston ... 

The chemical name for potash is potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Early humans also knew about a similar substance called mineral alkali. This material was made from certain kinds of rocks. But it also had alkali properties. Mineral alkali was also called soda ash. The modern chemical name for soda ash is sodium carbonate (Na2C03). 

For many centuries, people had trouble telling vegetable alkali and mineral alkali apart. The two materials looked and acted very much alike. For example, they could both be used as cleaning materials. The main difference between them was the source from which they came. It was not until the 18th century that chemists understood the difference between potash (vegetable alkali) and soda ash (mineral alkali). 

Wyatt et al. worked out a GLC assay for atropine and scopolamine in belladonna extract. The extract was solved in 0.1 N sulphuric acid, homatropine hydrobromide was added to this solution as an internal standard, and interfering materials were extracted from the acidified solution with chloroform - and finally a mixture of chloroform and 2-propanol (10 3) if there is an emulsion problem. The alkaloids were subsequently extracted into chloroform (or chloroform-2-propanol) from the basified aqueous layer (pH 9.5 phosphate buffer was used instead of mineral alkali to minimize ester cleavage) and the chloroform extracts were filtered through anhydrous sodium sulphate (previously washed with chloroform). 87 % of the alkaloids were recovered in the first extract, so that two additional extractions gave suffi-... 

Mohnot, S.M., Bae, J.H., 1989. A study of mineral-alkali reactions—Part II. SPERE (August), 381-390. 

To Prevent Sediment in Preparations of Peruvian Bark. The formation of a sediment in this and other simple preparations of Peruvian bark may be avoided by displacing or digesting its powder first with a solution of soda which wul extract the tanniu, kinovin, Ac. after waging off the last traces of the alkali by means of water, the alcoholic or vinous tincture may then be prepared as usual, and will remain clear, because free from the principles extracted by the alkaline solution. The alkaloids of the bark do not dissolve in weak mineral alkalies,... 

Carbon containing mineral alkali can often be used as is or after washing with tap water. If a neutral pH is desired, the usual practice is to adjust the carbon to pH 7 and then wash with neutral water. Salts formed by neutralizing an alkali can usually be completely removed by washing with water. 

That a difference existed between soda and potash was only gradually realised. In 1702 Stahl distinguished between natural and artificial alkalis, evidently referring to soda and potash, noting that salts of the former sometimes possessed a different crystalline form from the corresponding salts of the latter. In 1736 Duhamel de Monceau observed further differences between mineral alkali, that is soda, and vegetable alkali or potash,... 

It is clear that some hydrolysis occurs and an excess of mineral alkali is to be avoided. The recovered amino alcohols can, however, be converted readily to the corresponding aminoalkyl hydrogen sulfates for reuse. 

As VPI-5 synthesis is done in absence of mineral alkali cations, only synthesis recipes leading to VFI products with occluded amines offer opportunities for isomorphic substitution of P and/or Al atoms by other elements during synthesis. Only occluded protonated amines can compensate negative lattice charges generated by the isomorphic substitution of P or Al with elements with a lower valency. 

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