Alcohol, tests

Breath alcohol testing is accompHshed by a number of techniques. The oldest rehable procedure involves bubbling a measured volume of deep-lung air containing alcohol through an acidic solution of potassium dichromate, Deep-lung air is the last portion of expired breath. It is collected in... 

Iodine. Iodine has been important for many years, primarily as an antiseptic (see Iodine and iodine compounds). In the American Civil War physicians used it to treat battie wounds. Elemental iodine is not very soluble in water, but dissolves readily when sodium iodide is added, forming triiodide + I I Iodine may thus be used as an aqueous solution but it has generally been used as a tincture of 2% iodine in 70% alcohol. Tests on... 

The rate data reported in Table VI can be interpreted with less certainty in terms of solvent effects, since for each alcohol tested the... 

If we compare liquefaction to maceration, more activities are needed to liquefy the cell wall. Since 1991, new pectinases activities such as rhamnogalacturonase, pectin acetylesterase and xyloglucanases complex have been found to be important in the apple liquefaction by Henck Schols, Jean-Paul Vincken and Voragen [3]. The cellulose-xyloglucan complex accounts approximatively 57% of the apple cell-wall matrix. In a liquefaction process, an efficient enzymic degradation of this complex is crucial to increase the sugars extraction, to decrease the viscosity of the pulp then to be able to ultra-filtrate the juice without second depectinisation, at last to have negative alcohol tests required by some concentrate customers. 

Apples were chopped and mashed to a fine puree. Apple mash was treated with enzyme preparation and incubated for 2 hours at 55°C. Viscosity of mash was measured several times using a Brookfield DC3 viscometer with Helipath stand attachment and TD spindle. After two hours of incubation sanple was coitriftig for 20 minutes at 10.000 rpm. Volume, clarity, pH and brix of the juices were measured. The pectin level of the juices was assessed by a standard alcohol test. 

Keeping the treated juices at 4 °C for 24 h, they presented two separate phases a dense precipitate and a clear supernatant. The latter was used for the alcohol tests. 1 mL of a 90% ethanol solution containing 0.05 M hydrochloric acid was added to 0.5 mL of the supernatant. The depectinisation efficiency is qualitatively estimated from the presence and the characteristics of the precipitate. 

The immobilised Pectolyase Y-23 was used to perform consecutive depectinisations of a cloudy apple juice in batch reactions. After five reaction cycles, the percentage reduction of viscosity was greater than 90%. The viscosity of the apple juice feed through a bed of inactive y-alumina spheres remains unchanged thus confirming that the viscosity loss attributable to pectin adsorption on the carrier is negligible. The alcohol tests, performed on the juices previously treated with the... 

AtCCD7 (Schwartz et al. 2004). Organic solvent addition (dioxane, DMSO, methanol or acetone) improved activity under low concentrations (Mathieu et al. 2007). Short chain aliphatic alcohols activated the enzymes although the reason for this activation is unclear (probably due to influences on substrate accessibility or micellar structure). An increase in activity was observed for all aliphatic alcohols tested, although the optimal concentration lessened with increasing log P values (Schilling etal. 2007). 

Alcohol production, 13 768, 798 Alcohol sulfates, 2 19, 20 rat oral LD50 values, 8 445 Alcohol sulfation, 23 536-537 Alcohol testing, 12 96 Alcoholysis, 10 490, 491, 499, 503 18 519 in silicone chemistry, 22 554 in vinyl alcohol polymerization, 25 608-609... 

Blood access devices, 3 719-720 Blood alcohol tests, 12 96 Blood clots, 4 82-83 Blood clotting, vitamin K in, 25 795 Blood coagulation, 4 84-90... 

Breath alcohol testing, 72 96 Breathing gases, noble gases as, 77 376-378... 

Predicting Suppose you also tested the alcohol 1-pentanol in this experiment. Where among the alcohols tested would you predict 1-pentanol to rank in rate of evaporation from fastest to slowest Describe the temperature change you would expect to observe. Explain your reasoning. 

For example, with the Co-I-PPh catalyst, methyl acetate reacts with synthesis gas to form ethyl acetate. All of the primary and secondary alcohols tested (C thru C ) decompose during long-term operation. The major decomposition products include aldehydes, alkyl iodides, and ethers. Ketones are readily hydrogenated and the resulting alcohols decompose. Good solvents in terms of stability are diphenyl ether and alkanes. The acetaldehyde rate is somewhat low (1.8 M/hr) in diphenyl ether, and the selectivity is low in alkanes. In addition, these solvents do not have good solubility properties, especially in product refining. 

Over 90% of alcohol consumed is oxidized in the liver much of the remainder is excreted through the lungs and in the urine. The excretion of a small but consistent proportion of alcohol by the lungs can be quantified with breath alcohol tests that serve as a basis for a legal definition of "driving under the influence" in many countries. At levels of ethanol usually achieved in blood, the rate of oxidation follows zero-order kinetics that is, it is independent of time and concentration of the drug. The typical adult can metabolize 7-10 g (150-220 mmol) of alcohol per hour, the equivalent of approximately one "drink" [10 oz (300 mL) beer, 3.5 oz (105 mL) wine, or 1 oz (30 mL) distilled 80-proof spirits]. 

Acidic Moiety Number of alcohols tested Acid conversion m Ester production rate [kg h ] Catalyst charge [kg]... 

In Schmerber v. California, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds blood alcohol tests for suspected drunken drivers, provided authorities have clear indications that evidence will be found. 

To an ice-cold mixture of 1.0 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid and 5 ml of saturated aqueous potassium dichromate solution, add 2 ml of the alcohol or its concentrated aqueous solution. If the alcohol is not miscible with the reagent, shake the reaction mixture vigorously. After 5 minutes, dilute with an equal volume of water, distil and collect the first few ml of the aqueous distillate in a test tube cooled in ice. (Aldehydes and ketones are volatile in steam.) Test a portion of the distillate for a carbonyl compound with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (p. 1218). If a solid derivative is obtained, indicating that the compound was a primary or secondary alcohol, test a further portion with SchifFs reagent (p. 1291) to distinguish between the two possibilities. The derivative may be recrystallised the m.p. may give a preliminary indication of the identity of the alcohol. 

Test Diphenyldichlorosilane-Methyl red10 Application Detection of alcohols Test time ca. 25 min Reagent preparation time minutes... 

Some time ago we determined total dissolved mucin and its fractions during fasting and after alcohol test meals, histamine injection, and i.v. insulin in gastric juices of 60 patients with peptic ulcer and 106 controls with various gastric disorders (G30), In each of the 841 gastric specimens, the total dissolved mucin and its two fractions (mucoprotein and... 

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