Advanced Conventional Processes

2) Processes with reduced primary reformer firing and surplus process air 

3) Processes without a fired primary reformer (exchanger reformer) 

4) Processes without a secondary reformer using nitrogen from an air separation plant 

In principle the amount of flue gas emitted should be related to the extent of fired primary reforming, but generalizations are questionable, because sometimes the plant layout, as dictated by site requirements, may considerably change the picture for the specific flue gas value. 

When possibilities to export steam or power are limited, part of the secondary reformer waste heat is used, in addition to steam generation, for steam superheating, a feature in common with other modern concepts. Proprietary items in addition to the horizontal converter are the traditional Kellogg reformer, transfer line and secondary reformer arrangement, waste-heat boiler, and unitized chiller in the refrigeration section. 

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Advanced conventional processes with high duty primary reforming and stoichiometric process air in the secondary reformer... 

Alkali-promoted Ru-based catalysts are expected to become the second generation NHs synthesis catalysts [1]. In 1992 the 600 ton/day Ocelot Ammonia Plant started to produce NH3 with promoted Ru catalysts supported on carbon based on the Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) [2]. The Ru-based catalysts permit milder operating conditions compared with the magnetite-based systems, such as low synthesis pressure (70 -105 bars compared with 150 - 300 bars) and lower synthesis temperatures, while maintaining higher conversion than a conventional system [3]. 

Chemical processes include reduction and oxidation. Conventional chemical (coagulation-flocculation) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as chemical oxidation (ozonation, Fenton oxidation, Fe2+/H202), ultrasonic chemical oxidation, photocatalysis oxidation (UV/H2Q2, UV/O3, and W/O3/H2O2),... 

The BFS technology is an advanced aseptic processing technique which allows plastic containers to be formed by means of molded extruded polymer granules, filled, and sealed in one continuous process. This differs from conventional aseptic processing where container formation, preparation, and sterilization, and container filling and closiu e are all separate processes. 

Conventional refinery wastewater treatment technology is mainly concerned with removing oU, organics, and suspended solids before discharge. However, because of new stringent discharge requirements for specific toxic constituents as well as whole-effluent toxicity, specific advanced treatment processes are becoming a necessity for many refineries. This section describes the... 

In summary, the (advanced) treatment processes are not compatible with sustainable development as they are end-of-the-pipe technologies and not affordable in all countries. The presence of synthetic chemicals such as APIs and pharmaceutical excipients in water demonstrates that conventional effluent treatment is not effective. 

Clement. T.P., Parsonage, T,Band M.B, Kuxhaus Ti2AlNb = Based. Alloys Outperform Conventional Titanium Aluminides, Advanced Materials < Processes, 37 (March 1992). 

In routine analytical laboratories, the use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is an emerging alternative to conventional sample treatments2 for analytical and environmental chemists. AOPs involve the in situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants, such as the hydroxyl radical (OH ). Several processes have been applied in analytical sample pretreatment homogenous UV irradiation, either by direct irradiation of the sample or photolysis mediated by an appropriate chemical reagent ozone and ultrasonic irradiation. A variety of AOPs ensures compliance of specific treatment requirements with optimum treatment technologies (Table 5.1). 

At a plant size of 4,000 tonnes per day, the MEGAMMONIA process offers a reduction in specific investment that is between 15% and 20% less than a scaled-up version of conventional technology. It also offers the potential for a reduction in cash costs that are 10% to 15% below the most advanced conventional ammonia technology291. 

Resin-based composites are usually defined as either conventional or advanced. Conventional composites usually contain glass or mineral fiber reinforcement, and sometimes carbon fiber, either alone or in combination with others. Conventional composites are usually produced in stock shapes such as sheet, rod, and tube. There are many methods of processing composite materials. These include filament winding, layup, cut fiber spraying, resin transfer molding, and pultrusion. 

Synthesis and preparation process affects some propenies of ceria-based materials such as formed phase, panicle size, surt ace area, catalytic activities, and OSC etc. Therefore, many studies on synthesis, preparation, and modification have been carried out to develop the ceria-based materials of high catalytic activities, OSC, and thermal durability. In this chapter, conventional processes and recent advances in the synthesis and modification of the ceria-based materials are reviewed with the dependence of these methods on the characteristics of the materials. 

Many conventional wastewater treatment processes that have long been in use are now considered impractical because they require a large amount of space, a large number of unit operations, and are affected by problems associated with odor and other emissions. Recent years have seen an increasing trend toward process intensification, which has led to the development of advanced membrane processes that are simple to construct and operate, have well-defined flow patterns, better dispersion effects, relatively low power consumption, lower emissions, and high mass-transfer performance, which are compact and recyclable. 

Wastewater reclamation was pioneered using advanced conventional treatment processes to upgrade the water quality of wastewater to reusable standards. When RO was first introduced to produce water closer to drinking water quality from wastewater, a conventional treatment process was employed as pretreatment to the RO. A typical conventional pretreatment configuration would include flocculation, lime or alum clarification, recarbonation, settling, filtration, and activated-carbon adsorption. Biological activity is controlled by chlorination. 

Chemical oxidation technologies are defined as the processes that use oxidizing agents to degrade or transform complex hazardous chemicals to simpler nontoxic ones. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constitute, in general, the generation and the use of hydroxyl radicals ( OH) to oxidize hazardous chemicals, which are otherwise very recalcitrant to conventional oxidation processes. 

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