Adipose-derived MSCs

In a rat model using adipose-derived MSCs, exosome-treated rats harbored significantly smaller tumors and volume ratios at 20 days posttreatment, higher apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ADC ratios (a measure of tumor microenvironment), more circulating and intratumoral NKT-cells, and low-grade hepatocellular carcinoma compared to the controls (Ko et al., 2015). 

This review provides an introduction to the different methods utilized for the fabrication of nanostructures, the different kinds of nanotopographies, and the major stem cell types studied in the field of tissue regeneration. Emphasis is given to the attachment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on biomimetic nanomaterials for advancing the field of bone, cartilage, cardiac, nerve, and skin tissue regeneration. 

Stem cells, whether derived from embryos, fetuses, or adults, can be simply defined as progeny of cells that are capable of differentiating into different lineages [152], Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and have the ability to be cultured and maintained in an undifferentiated and pluripotent state, and directed to differentiate into all specific cell types [153,154], A variety of adult stem cells (often referred as progenitor or multipotent cells), including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and neutral stem cells (NSCs), have been found more committed but less pluripotent than ESCs. 

Most of the publications of MSCs are focused on bone marrow-derived MSCs, and they are considered as the gold standard. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs is another cell source which reaches clinical... 

Afw, molecular weight MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells ASCs, adipose-derived stem cells. 

Stem cells are mainly classified as adult stem cells and ESCs. ESCs are obtained from embryonic blastocysts, and adult stem cells are derived from various tissues of developed (adult) or developing individuals. The most commonly studied adult stem cells are the bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and the adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), discussed in this review. 

MSCs were initially described by Friedenstein in 1970 as an adherent fibroblast-like population in the bone marrow (BM) capable of differentiating into bone. Populations similar to that isolated initially from the bone marrow have also been identified from peripheral blood, periosteum and trabecular bone, umbilical cord blood (UCB), umbilical cord matrix UCM), synovial membrane, adipose tissue, " limbal stroma, amniotic fluid and membrane, lung, dermis and muscle. However, the most useful in regenerative medicine are likely those obtained from adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and placenta, since they are derived from ethically acceptable sourees, are obtained in high numbers, and possess a multipotent eapaeity of differentiation towards cells and tissues belonging to mesodermie, endodermic, and ectodermic leaflets. In 2006 the International Society for Cellular Therapy proposed minimal criteria to... 

Figure 19.1 Cardiac tissue engineering triad. Schematic representation of the interplay between the components of the cardiac tissue engineering triad. Biomaterials are key components for cardiac tissue engineering applications and play a critical role in this technology. MSC, mesenchymal stem cell ADSC, adipose stem cell iPS, induced pluripotent cell CPC, cardiac progenitor cell VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor FGF, fibroblast growth factor NRG, neuregulin EPO, erythropoietin HGF, hepatocyte growth factor SDF-1, stromal cell—derived factor 1.

Trachea TE has been one of the most promising approaches to providing a potential clinical application for the treatment of long-segment tracheal stenosis. The sources of the cells are particularly important as the primary factor for TE. Besides autologous mature cells, various stem cells, including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adipose tissue—derived stem cells, umbilical cord blood—derived mesenchymal stem cells, amniotic fluid stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells, have received extensive attention in trachea TE [118]. 

Sphingosine-l-phosphate (SIP), for instance, a key member of the sphingoHpids, is pivotal in the induction of numerous cellular processes. SIP is involved in the survival, proliferation, and regulation of apoptosis in human embryonic stem cells [71]. Additionally, SIP maintains growth and multipotency of human bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [72]. A recent study involving culturing human umbilical cord MSC with cardiomyocytes-conditioned medium supplemented with SIP showed that SIP is able to trigger and potentiate differentiation and maturation of human umbilical cord MSC into cardiomyocytes. 

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