Differential potentials

The soft-core model may be more convenient in molecular dynamics simulation, since a continuously differentiable potential is available to calculate the force. In the case of a hardcore potential, collision times of all atom pairs have to be monitored and used to control the time step. 

Tsai TT et al (2007) Fibroblast growth factor-2 maintains the differentiation potential of nucleus pulposus cells in vitro implications for cell-based transplantation therapy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 32(5) 495-502... 

Mulloy, J., Cammenga, J., Berguido, F., Wu, K., Zhou, P., Comenzo, R., Jhanwar, S., Moore, M. and Nimer, S. (2003) Maintaining the self renewal and differentiation potential of hiunan CD34+ hematopoietic cells using a single genetic element. Blood 102, 4369 4376. 

After the RSC investigation lasting many years the endotheliocytes, the cells of skeleton and muscles, hepatocytes, neurocytes, the cells of skin, pancreas, and others were obtained, and their differentiation potential was studied. 

Kogler, G., Sensken, S., Airey, J. A., et al. (2004), A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential, /. Exp. Med., 200(2), 123-135. 

The driving force (p - pj or y - yj) will vary as a function of the tower height. We can think of the total transfer then as the stlm of individual transfers through incremental surfaces (i.e., a differential potential exists at each increment). Consequently, a differential expression is developed over the entire height of the diffusion column. 

The electrodes face each other with a differential potential between the two sets, one set grounded and the other energized [91]. 

Another specialized form of potentiometric endpoint detection is the use of dual-polarized electrodes, which consists of two metal pieces of electrode material, usually platinum, through which is imposed a small constant current, usually 2-10 /xA. The scheme of the electric circuit for this kind of titration is presented in Figure 4.1b. The differential potential created by the imposition of the ament is a function of the redox couples present in the titration solution. Examples of the resultant titration curve for three different systems are illustrated in Figure 4.3. In the case of two reversible couples, such as the titration of iron(II) with cerium(IV), curve a results in which there is little potential difference after initiation of the titration up to the equivalence point. Hie titration of arsenic(III) with iodine is representative of an irreversible couple that is titrated with a reversible system. Hence, prior to the equivalence point a large potential difference exists because the passage of current requires decomposition of the solvent for the cathode reaction (Figure 4.3b). Past the equivalence point the potential difference drops to zero because of the presence of both iodine and iodide ion. In contrast, when a reversible couple is titrated with an irreversible couple, the initial potential difference is equal to zero and the large potential difference appears after the equivalence point is reached. 

Also DSC instruments of the heat conduction type exist (see, for example, Ross and Goldberg, 1974). If the temperature of the heat sink is increased, heat will flow through the two thermopiles into the two vessels. If heat conductance and heat capacity of the two calorimetric units are the same, we can expect that the differential potential signal from the thermopiles will be zero. However, if the heat capacity differs, for example, between an aqueous solution in the sample vessel and... 

A number of microcarrier systems have been estabhshed with primary and secondary cells from birds and mammals, permanent cell lines from fish and mammals as well as diploid human cells (Reuveny, 1985). A further possibility is the mass production of cells with the retention of differentiation potential, as can be seen with bone cells (Sautier et aL, 1992) and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (Kuriyama et aL, 1992). In addition to the widely used continuous cell lines for the production of biologicals, freshly harvested cells such as endothelial cells have been applied for the production of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (Bing et aL, 1991). 

We developed the numerical analysis assisted monitoring method for the coating condition on a ballast tank wall. We proposed that the coating condition is evaluated with the surface resistance. We developed the identification method to obtain the whole surface resistance from the differential potential induced by the impressed current from an optional anode inside a tank. We introduced differential potential measurement and inverse analysis to obtain the surface resistance representing the coating condition. The potential measurement and quantitative evaluation were conducted in the actual ship. The verification was performed and there was the good agreement between the proposed method and the preliminary visual inspection. 

An optional anode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode for potential measurement are placed in the seawater filled in a tank to be inspected as shown in Figure 1. The potential changes at several location in the tank with reference electrode are measured in the two cases. The first case is that the prescribed current is impressed with an optional zinc anode and the second case is that no current is impressed. Each case is represented with subscript ON and OFF respectively in the following. The differential potential 8on - 4>off) is calculated from the results. 

Potential in any point is calculated with various R using a numerical analysis. It is assumed that the surface resistance R is constant in this numerical model. Let us consider the residual of the measured differential potential 8(f> and the numerically... 

In this section, numerical analysis method to calculate the potential (R) for the assumed surface resistance R is described. 

Since the two potentials (poN and Laplace equations, the differential potential 8

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In order to verify the proposed differential method, the differential potential distribution within the tank are compared between the numerical result and the experimental result. 

Secondly, the tank is modeled as shown in Figure 5 for the numerical analysis. The boundary element mesh in Figure 4 was used and the elements are all constant triangle elements. The number of the elements and nodes are 5670 and 3619, respectively. The boundary condition is applied as shown in Table 1. The surface resistance of the anodes is set to be 0.16 [Sim2]. The total current amount of the optional anode is set to be 30mA and the access hole boundary condition is set to be 50=0.005 [V] from the experiment. The differential potential distributions are calculated for nine cases whose surface resistances Rss are varied. 

The numerical results for nine cases of the surface resistances are shown in Figure 6. It shows that the whole potential is high when the surface resistance is high. The maximum voltage of the sidelobe of the optional anode is 0.005 [V], Thirdly, the surface resistance was estimated by minimizing the residual function Eqn. (16). The residual function consists of three residuals between measurement and calculated differential potential at the depth of seven meters. The minimization was performed with the brute-force search. 

Tokiwa T, Yamazaki T, Xin W, Sugae N, Noguchi M, Enosawa S, et al. Differentiation potential of an immortalized non-tumorigenic human liver epithelial cell line as liver progenitor cells. Cell Biol Int 2006 30 992-98. 

Zern MA (2003) Telomerase reconstitution immortalizes human fetal hepatocytes without disrupting their differentiation potential. Gastroenterology 124(2) 432-444 58. Kobayashi N, Noguchi H, Westerman KA, Watanabe T, Matsumura T, Totsugawa T, Fujiwara T, Leboulch P, Tanaka N (2001) Cre/loxP-based reversible immortalization of... 

The EST has been developed with the aim to exploit the characteristics and differentiation potential of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES cells), established from the early embryo in 1981 [4, 5], ES cells are cultured in suspension to induce the formation of embryoid bodies, and afterwards they are transferred in 24-well dishes to allow attachment and differentiation in contracting cardiomyocytes. The toxicological endpoint is the inhibition of cardiac differentiation. In parallel a cytotoxicity test is performed on undifferentiated ES cells and a control somatic (fibroblast) cell line (3T3). The concentrations of testing chemicals that induce 50 % of differentiation inhibition (ID50) and 50 % cytotoxicity (IC50) in ES cells and 3T3 cells are inserted in a validated prediction model to classify the test chemical as non-embryotoxic, moderate, or strong embryotoxic [2, 6, 7], The validation of the method has been... 

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