Bone marrow-derived MSCs

Fig. 1 Bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells. (A) Example of a bone marrow-derived MSC and its potential to differentiate into various lineages. Although not depicted in this figure, MSCs also have the potential to differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and promote angiogenesis for vascular repair [19,20]. (B) Differentiation pathway of CD34 peripheral blood stem cells from a hematopoietic stem cell lineage, which can serve to become endothelial cells within the vasculature and possess greater pro-angiogenic effects. Both figures reprinted from [21] and [22], respectively, with permission.

Bovine femur (trabecular bone) Freeze-thaw + SDS Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs NA Shahabipour et al. (2013)... 

Stem cells isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified as a novel population of MSC family. SHED have the same capacity as bone marrow-derived MSCs to differentiate into multiple cell types, including osteoblasts and odontoblasts, and to generate bone or dentin-pulp complex tissue (Miiua et al., 2003 Cordeiro et al., 2008 Yamada et al., 2010). However, osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of SHED and bone marrow-derived MSCs is regulated by different mechanisms, and SHED can have a stronger tendency to be induced into odontoblasts than bone marrow-derived MSCs (Kara et al., 2011). Most importantly, SHED show very strong proliferative abilities and can be obtained from deciduous teeth without any ethical concern, which may provide a useful cell source as an alternative to bone marrow-derived MSCs for mineralized tissue formation. 

PPy is a conductive polymer with several biomedical applications owing to its good biocompatibility and the ability of cells to attach, differentiate and proliferate on its surface [148,149]. In one study, the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of rat MSCs on PPy surfaces was shown to be comparable to those of regular tissue culture plastic surfaces [150]. The synthesis of PPy involves either electrochemical or chemical polymerization, with the admicellar polymerization technique enabling the uniform deposition of thin PPy films from a few to 100 nm thick [151]. Moreover, the attachment of cells to the PPy surface can be improved, for example, via the adsorption of fibronectin or the incorporation of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing peptides [152]. Immobilization of the glycosaminoglycans heparin and hyaluronic acid on PPy surfaces was also shown to maintain bone marrow-derived MSC cultures and to induce differentiation successfully into mature osteoblasts [153]. 

The origin of the MSCs is under debate. One of the theories is all the MSCs from different tissue actually circulating cells derived from the bone marrow. Because tissue-specific MSCs display many common characteristics attributed to bone marrow-derived MSCs although they are vary in phenotype, proliferation rate and differentiation potentials, which suggest all those cells share a similar ontogeny. 

Most of the publications of MSCs are focused on bone marrow-derived MSCs, and they are considered as the gold standard. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs is another cell source which reaches clinical... 

Human bone marrow derived-MSCs were obtained with consent and in accordance to the approval of the ethics committee from donors undergoing various surgical procedures inUniversity Malaya Medical Centre. These MSCs have been well characterized by their surface markers and differentiation potential. MSCs were cultured inculture... 

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