Additives antifreeze

Use Hydraulic fluid, lubricating-oil additive, antifreeze, plasticizer and polyester resin intermediate. 

Plastics Solvents Food additives Antifreeze Flavoring extracts Lotions... 

NFPA Health 0, Flammability 1, Reactivity 0 Storage Store in a cool, dry area, out of direct sunlight Uses Solvent for paints, lacquers, resins, dyes, oils, greases, cellulose, cleaners, inks, functional fluids, agric., cosmetics, epoxy laminates, adhesives, floor polish, fuel additives, antifreeze, oil field, mining, elec-... 

The fluid is formulated from a premium mineral od-base stock that is blended with the required additive to provide antiwear, mst and corrosion resistance, oxidation stabdity, and resistance to bacteria or fungus. The formulated base stock is then emulsified with ca 40% water by volume to the desired viscosity. Unlike od-in-water emulsions the viscosity of this type of fluid is dependent on both the water content, the viscosity of the od, and the type of emulsifier utilized. If the water content of the invert emulsion decreases as a result of evaporation, the viscosity decreases likewise, an increase in water content causes an increase in the apparent viscosity of the invert emulsion at water contents near 50% by volume the fluid may become a viscous gel. A hydrauHc system using a water-in-od emulsion should be kept above the freezing point of water if the water phase does not contain an antifreeze. Even if freezing does not occur at low temperatures, the emulsion may thicken, or break apart with subsequent dysfunction of the hydrauHc system. 

Water. Latices should be made with deionized water or condensate water. The resistivity of the water should be at least lO Q. Long-term storage of water should be avoided to prevent bacteria growth. If the ionic nature of the water is poor, problems of poor latex stabiUty and failed redox systems can occur. Antifreeze additives are added to the water when polymerization below 0°C is required (37). Low temperature polymerization is used to limit polymer branching, thereby increasing crystallinity. 

Many chemicals when added to water cause a freezing point depression, as shown in Table 1, and thus are termed antifreezes. The antifreeze properties of these chemicals vary widely as a function of their coUigative, or concentrative, properties. The reduction in freeze point depends both on the chemical itself and the concentration of the chemical in water. The freeze point depression increases as the antifreeze chemical is added to the water, until a characteristic concentration is achieved. Further addition of the antifreeze chemical to water will either result in insolubility or serve to increase the freezing point of the mixture, as illustrated in Figure 1. 

Like brines, alcohols were readily available and widely used as antifreeze Hquids in the early 1900s. Both methanol and ethanol offer exceUent heat transfer and efficient freeze point depression. However, the alcohols have the distinct disadvantage of their low boiling points. During the summer months when the engines operate hot, significant amounts of the alcohols are lost because of evaporation. These evaporative losses result in cosdy make-up requirements. Additionally, the alcohols have very low flash points and potentially flammable vapors. These safety concerns have, particularly in recent years, caused the use of alcohols to be completely discontinued for most heat-transfer systems. 

Corrosion Inhibition. Another important property of antifreeze solutions is the corrosion protection they provide. Most cooling systems contain varied materials of constmction including multiple metals, elastomeric materials, and rigid polymeric materials. The antifreeze chosen must contain corrosion inhibitors that are compatible with all the materials in a system. Additionally, the fluid and its corrosion inhibitor package must be suitable for the operating temperatures and conditions of the system. 

Fluid Specifications. The performance characteristics of all antifreeze solutions are governed by fluid specifications, that have been developed over the years by industry standards committees, such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Additionally, most engine and/or cooling system manufacturers have thek own compositional specifications to which the fluids must conform. 

Disodium Tetraborate, In the Urhted States, anhydrous borax finds most apphcation in the glass industry for enamels, borosihcate glass, and fiber glass insulation. It is also used as an antifreeze additive and as an algicide in industrial water. 

QUENCH LIQUID SELECTION The choice of the appropriate quench liquid depends on a number of fac tors. Water is usually the first quench hquid to consider, since it is nontoxic, nonflammable, compatible with many effluent vapors, and has excellent thermal properties. If water is selected as the quench liquid, the tank should oe located indoors, if possible, to avoid freezing problems. If the tank has to be located outdoors in a cold climate, the addition of antifreeze is preferable to heat-tracing the tank, since overheating the tank can occur from tracing, thus reducing its effectiveness. 

Nature produces a tremendous amount of methyl aleohol, simply by the fermentation of wood, grass, and other materials made to some degree of eellulose. In faet, methyl aleohol is known as wood aleohol, along with names sueh as wood spirits and methanol (its proper name the proper names of all aleohols end in -ol). Methyl aleohol is a eolorless liquid with a eharaeteristie aleohol odor. It has a flash point of 54°F, and is highly toxie. It has too many eommereial uses to list here, but among them are as a denaturant for ethyl alcohol (the addition of the toxie ehemieal methyl aleohol to ethyl aleohol in order to form denatured aleohol), antifreezes, gasoline additives, and solvents. No further substitution of hydroxyl radieals is performed on methyl aleohol. 

The most widely known aleohol is ethyl aleohol, simply beeause it is the aleohol in aleoholie drinks. It is also known as grain aleohol, or by its proper name, ethanol. Ethyl aleohol is a eolorless, volatile liquid with a eharaeteristie odor and a pungent taste. It has a flash point of 55°F, is classified as a depressant drug, and is toxic when ingested in large quantities. Its molecular formula is CjHjOH. In addition to its presence in alcoholic beverages, ethyl alcohol has many industrial and medical uses, such as a solvent in many manufacturing processes, as antifreeze, antiseptics, and cosmetics. 

Soldered brass seldom gives trouble. In radiators, antifreeze solutions have been alleged to cause corrosion, possibly because materials such as ethylene glycol sometimes detach protective deposits. Sodium nitrite, valuable as a corrosion inhibitor for other metals in a radiator, tends to attack solders, but sodium benzoate is safe and, in addition, protects the soldered joint against the action of nitrites. In an investigation of other inhibitors in ethylene glycol solutions, 1% borax, either alone or in combination with 0-1% mercaptobenzothiazole, appeared to be satisfactory. 

Locomotive diesels As larger volumes of coolant are required in railway locomotives than in road vehicles, the cost of inhibition is proportionally greater. An additional factor is the possibility of cavitation attack of cylinder liners. These considerations place a restriction on the choice of inhibitors. In the past, chromates have been used at concentrations of up to 0-4%, but their use presents handling and disposal problems. Chromates cannot be used with ethanediol antifreeze solutions. A IS I borate-metasilicate at a concentration of 1 % has been used in the UK. Nitrate is added to this to improve inhibition of aluminium alloy corrosion. Tannins and soluble oils are also used, but probably to a lesser extent than in the past. The benzoate-nitrite formulation (formerly BS 3151) is effective and has been used by continental railways . ... 

Ethylene oxide, the simplest epoxide, is an intermediate in the manufacture of both ethylene glycol, used for automobile antifreeze, and polyester polymers. More than 4 million tons of ethylene oxide is produced each year in the United States by air oxidation of ethylene over a silver oxide catalyst at 300 °C. This process is not useful for other epoxides, however, and is of little value in the laboratory. Note that the name ethylene oxide is not a systematic one because the -ene ending implies the presence of a double bond in the molecule. The name is frequently used, however, because ethylene oxide is derived pom ethylene by addition of an oxygen atom. Other simple epoxides are named similarly. The systematic name for ethylene oxide is 1,2-epoxyethane. 

Notes It was proposed for use as an antifreeze addition to Dynamites. A blasting gelatine consisting of 93% 1,3-Propanediol Dinitrate and 7% collodion cotton gave a Pb block expansion of 470ml, or about 80% of the effect produced by the same gelatine contg NG... 

But diethylene glycol is not glycerin or propylene glycol, both of which are nontoxic toothpaste ingredients that also have antifreeze properties, in addition to the emulsifying and moisturizing properties that are useful in toothpastes, cosmetics, baby wipes, bubble baths, medicines, flavorings, and shampoos. 

Diols are applied on a multimilhon ton scale as antifreezing agents and polyester monomers (ethylene and propylene glycol) [58]. In addition, they are starting materials for various fine chemicals. Intimately coimected with the epoxidation-hydrolysis process, dihydroxylation of C=C double bonds constitutes a shorter and more atom-efficient route to 1,2-diols. Although considerable advancements in the field of biomimetic nonheme complexes have been achieved in recent years, still osmium complexes remain the most efficient and reliable catalysts for dihydroxylation of olefins (reviews [59]). 

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