Additional Raw Materials

Solvents. Alkyd resins are generally supplied as concentrated ( 60%) solutions (except in the case of aqueous dispersions and emulsions). Further solvent must be added to bring the paints into a ready-for-use state. The choice of solvent is determined by the solubility of the alkyd resin and ecological compatibility. 

Short oil alkyd resins require special solvent mixtures for each area of use. Principal solvents include aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., xylene), solvent naphtha fractions, and glycol ethers. Lower alcohols, even in small amounts, have a powerful viscositylowering effect. The choice of solvent depends on the solvent power for the resins and the application method. The last solvent to evaporate during drying must be a true solvent for the binders because otherwise the paint film becomes opaque or inhomogeneous. 

Short oil alkyd resins can also be combined with nitrocellulose. They are readily soluble in typical nitrocellulose solvents (esters and ketones). Special short oil alkyd resins that are soluble in lower alcohols are often processed into furniture lacquers and acid-curing paints, and are also used in paper (spray) coatings and in flexoprint- 

For environmental reasons modern alkyd paints are dried without lead driers and with minimum amounts of cobalt driers [2.80]. Manganese driers are only used in colored paints and corrosion protection coatings because they affect the shade of white and pastel coatings. Special nondiscoloring driers are used to obtain particularly pale white paints or honey-yellow varnishes. 

Wetting agents are surfactants and reduce the surface tension between the binder solution and the pigment particles. Wetting agents used in paint technology include calcium, zinc octoate, or naphthenate, fatty alcohol sulfonates, castor oil acid derivatives, and conversion products, poly(glycol ethers), and low-viscosity silicone oils. 

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If the assumption that the contaminant mass in the wastewater is relaxed, then the additional raw material in the form of the contaminant mass has to be accounted for. The wastewater in this case not only supplements the water in the raw material, but also any other raw materials used in product formulation. The raw material balance given in constraint (8.1) is reformulated to account for the additional raw material source. Constraint (8.1) is split into a water balance and a raw material balance for the other components required in product formulation. The water balance is given in constraint (8.52). The balance for the other components used in the product formulation is given in constraint (8.53). Due to the fixed ratio of water and other components in product formulation and the fixed batch size, the amount of water and the amount of other components are fixed. Therefore, in constraints (8.52) and (8.53) the amount of water and amount of other raw material is fixed. The water balance, in constraint (8.52), states that the amount of water used in product is comprised of freshwater, water from storage and directly recycle/reused water. Constraint (8.53), the mass balance for the other components, states that the mass of other components used for product is the mass from bulk storage, the mass in directly recycled/reused water and the mass in water from storage. 

On Aug. 1, a concern had 10,000 lb of raw material on hand which was purchased at a cost of 0,030 per pound. In order to build up the reserve, 8000 lb of additional raw material was purchased on Aug. 15 at a cost of 0,028 per pound, and 2 days later 6000 lb was purchased from another supplier at 0.031 per pound. If none of the raw material was used until after the last purchase determine the total cost of 12,000 lb of the raw material on an inventory or cost-of-sales account for the month of August by (a) the current-average method, (b) the fifo method, and (c) the "lifer method. 

Use Synthesis of resins, rubbers, and intermediate organic compounds lubricating-oil additive raw material for alkylation in producing high-octane motor fuels. 

However, there are inherent disadvantages due to additional raw materials and extra process costs. Furthermore process control is more difficult and the total wash coat deposit feasible on a unit basis is much reduced. In consequence this provides an artificial and undesirable limitation on activity, durability and poison resistance. In response to these limitations, a new process has been developed which minimises surface interactions without resort to precoats. The data shown in Fig. 9 indicate that this technology enables the benefits of stabilised high wash coat levels to be achieved without adverse impact on thermal shock characteristics. 

The additional raw materials required to prepare these protected functional initiators are the omega-haloalcohols, such as 6-chloro-l-hexanol. A variety of these halogenated alcohols are available on a commercial scale. A partial listing of these... 

In additive environmental protection, harmful substances formed in a production process are disposed of at a later stage. There is no saving of raw material instead, residues are converted into a comparatively environmentally harmless form by the use of additional raw materials and energy. 

If a polymer is described on the Inventory as the reaction product of X, Y, and Z, then any additional raw materials, say for example A, B, and C, may be used in the reaction to form the fisted polymer, so long as they are either charged to the reaction vessel or incorporated into the final polymer at two... 

Uses Synthetic fibers evaporation retardant on water surfaces surfactant for polymerization emollient in cosmetics foam control agent cosolvent plasticizer mfg. of household/industrial cleaners, personal care prods., textile auxs.. plasticizers, ore flotation, oil well drilling, metal lubricants, agric. additives raw material, consistency agent, emollient for pharmaceuticals as antihistamine in surf, lubricants for mfg. of food-contact metallic articles Regulatory EDA 21CER 178.3910... 

Any of these actions by Firm B to compensate for the variance in the processes of Firm A will cost Firm B money. There maybe inventory costs for holding additional raw materials, or there maybe inventory costs for holding the finished goods inventory until it is time to ship them to the customer. Additionally, Firm B may not be able to respond as quickly to its final customer because of its longer lead time. 

In essentially the same plant it is possible to produce a wide variety of NPK products simply by adding additional raw materials. Recycle ratios of 1.5 - 2 may be achieved in NPK production. Depending on the product, the additional raw materials may be solid or liquid. For solids, appropriately sized material (< 2 mm) is added to the recycle system liquid material is fed directly into the granulator. 

The market for antimony oxides is dependant on PVC and brominated FRs, since the trioxide works as a synergist with halogens, whether in the polymer itself or as an additive. Raw materials are a key cost at around 80% of the product. Bolivia and Guatemala have closed their antimony ore mines due to low prices and China is now the leading source of antimony ore. 

Other than direct re-use, some processing such as mechanical, chemical or biological is involved to recycle waste into products, requiring the consumption of certain amount of energy, additional raw materials, and causing the emission of waste into the air, water and soil. Once a recycled product is made, it must be marketed. Is there a reasonable demand Is it cost-competitive The next challenge concerns the availability of waste to be processed. Is there a consistent supply at reasonable price, especially when production is at full capacity ... 

Beer making or brewing involves the use of germinated barley (malt), hops, yeast and water. In addition to malt from barley, other starch- and/or sugar-containing raw materials have a role, e. g., other kinds of malt such as wheat, unmalted cereals called adjuncts (barley, wheat, com, rice), starch flour, starch degradation products and fermentable sugars. The use of additional raw materials may necessitate in part the use of microbial enzyme preparations. 

Creating additional space for additional raw materials and component parts storage to support manufacturing... 

Hewlett-Packard Laboratories has developed the Inventory Optimization for Product Rollover (lOP), a tool for the enterprise that allows product planners to analyze various trade-offs and scenarios (HP 2002). lOP uses business and manufacturing information such as component and assembly stock on hand, finished product inventories, component and product costs, and product demand forecasts. The objective is to provide recommendations about quantities of products to sell, quantities of products or components to build, quantities of additional raw materials or components to purchase, and quantities of specific parts to scrap or sell at discount. 

In addition, raw materials developments can be analysed according to their end use in ... 

Formosa Petrochemical Corp (FPC Taipei, Taiwan www.fpcc.com.tw) will construct a US 725 million facility at Mailiao, Taiwan. The complex will include naphtha crackers and units with the capacity for 1.2 million tpa of ethylene, 600 000 tpa of propylene and 170 000 tpa of butadiene. Completion is scheduled for late 2006. FPC already has two ethylene plants at Mailiao, with a combined capacity of 1.7 million tpa. Downstream chemicai producers at the complex have requested that FPC build a third cracker to meet additional raw material requirements that are expected to come on stream from planned downstream expansions. 

Uses Thickener for anionic liq. surfactants thickener, stabilizer in cosmetic rinses, gels, shampoos, permanent waves, styling prods., shave creams, liq. soaps detergent additive raw material for cleaning agents... 

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