Acute nephritis

Preeclampsia/eclampsia/nephritis (magnesium sulfate) - Prevention and control of convulsions of severe preeclampsia and eclampsia and for control of hypertension, encephalopathy, and convulsions associated with acute nephritis in children. 

Acute nephritis in chiidren To control hypertension, encephalopathy, and convulsions associated with acute nephritis in children. 

Discontinue as soon as the desired effect is obtained. Repeat doses are dependent on the continuing presence of the patellar reflex and adequate respiratory function. Acute nephritis in chiidren 20 to 40 mg/kg IM as needed to control seizures. Dilute the 50% concentration to a 20% solution and give 0.1 to 0.2 mL/kg. 

Acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory infection, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary heart disease, heart failure, acute nephritis and renal failure, chronic nephritis, gastritis, hypothyroidism, hypoadrenalism, fibromyalgia, rheumatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. 

Renal Effects. Acute nephritis with albuminuria and oliguria, polyuria, and nitrogen retention were observed in individuals after application of a salve that contained potassium chromate. These effects disappeared in individuals who survived. Autopsy of people who died revealed hyperemia and tubular necrosis (Brieger 1920). Acute nephritis with polyuria and proteinuria were also described in a man who was admitted to a hospital with skin ulcers on both hands due to dermal exposure to ammonium dichromate in a planographic printing establishment where he had worked for a few months (Smith 1931). A 49-year-old man with an inoperable carcinoma of the face was treated with chromic acid crystals. Severe nephritis occurred after treatment with the chromium(VI) compound. Urinalysis revealed marked protein in the urine. Death resulted 4 weeks after exposure. A postmortem examination of the kidneys revealed extensive destruction of the tubular epithelium (Major 1922). 

Sharma et al. 1978). Acute nephritis has also been reported in cases of dermal exposure of chromium(VI) compounds (Brieger 1920 Major 1922 Smith 1931). 

Fig. 11. Cluster analysis used to assist in diagnosis of kidney diseases (adapted from Batchelor 418>). (A) acute nephritis, (B) nephrotic syndrome, (C) normal, (D) acute renal infection, (E) essential hypertension, and (F) chronic renal failure...

Rennke et al. (1994) developed a model system of acute nephritis in the rat whereby a chemically reactive form of the hapten azobenzenearsonate is introduced directly in to the left kidney of pre-immunized Brown Norway rats. 

Okuda S, Languino LR, Ruoslathi E, Border WA (1990) Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-p and proteoglycan production in experimental glomerulonephritis. Possible role in expansion of the mesangial extracellular matrix. J Clin Invest 86 453 162 Rennke HG, Klein PS, Sandstrom DJ, Mendrick DL (1994) Cell-mediated immune injury in the kidney Acute nephritis induced by azobenzenearsonate. Kidney Intern 45 1044-1056... 

I.6. Various Diseases. Abbassy et al. (Al) observed in 12 cases of malnutrition (including kwashiorkor), toxic dyspepsia, 8 cases of acute nephritis, 8 cases of infective hepatitis, and muscular dystrophy an increased spontaneous excretion of xanthurenic acid, the amount of which was found to depend on the severity of the case. In all these cases, with the exception of acute nephritis and hepatitis, the amount of xanthurenic acid was restored to normal levels after vitamin Be therapy. In 8 children with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, recurrent convulsions, 5 with nephrotic syndrome, and 5 with pellagra the amount of xanthurenic acid spontaneously excreted was found to be within the normal range, indicating that pyridoxine is probably not concerned in these cases. 

Other causes of acute nephritis are reactions to drugs, acute infection of the kidneys, systemic diseases with immune complexes such as SLE, bacterial endocarditis, and finally disease in which the antigen is unknown but possibly related to antecedent viral infections. 

Serum complement levels are useful to distinguish between various forms of acute nephritis that may be due to either a primary renal disorder or a systemic disease. Glomerular diseases associated with decreased complement levels include systemic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and cryoglobulinemia, and renal diseases such as acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Glomerular diseases in which serum complement levels are normal include systemic diseases such as Goodpasture s syndrome and renal diseases such as IgG-IgA nephropathy, antiglomerular basement membrane disease, and immune-complex disease. 

Indications Damp heat pouring downward. Acute urinary tract infection, urinary calculi, cystitis, urethritis, acute prostatitis, acute nephritis, acute pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, and acute gonorrhea... 

Parenteral used for seizure prevention and control in severe preeclampsia or eclampsia without deleterious CNS depression in the mother, fetus, or newborn as replacement therapy in magnesium deficiency, especially in acute hypomagnesemia accompanied by signs of tetany similar to those observed in hypocalcemia to correct or prevent hypomagnesemia by addition to total parenteral nutrition admixture hypertension, encephalopathy, and convulsions in children with acute nephritis inhibition of premature labor as treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias for prevention and treatment of nutritional magnesium deficiency and as a laxative. 

ACUTE HEALTH RISKS irritation of eyes and skin irritation to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract narcotic effects dizziness nausea vomiting drowsiness incoordination confusion abdominal pains hiccoughs visual disturbances delirium convulsions slurred speech staggering liver and kidney damage acute nephritis anemia coma death. 

Glucocorticoids sometimes are used in the treatment of scleroderma, discoid lupus, acute nephritis, osteoarthritis, acute hepatitis, hepatic coma, Hodgkin s disease, multiple myeloma, lymphoid tumors, acute leukemia, metastatic carcinoma of the breast, and... 

A Glomerulonephritis N Acute Nephritis B Hyperthyroidism L Hypercalcemia H Dwarfism (Durabolin)... 

Fig. 15.14a,b. Acute nephritis, preabscess stage, a US sagittal scan of the left kidney. There is an hyperechoic area at the upper pole (arrows), b Corresponding CT after contrast enhancement displays an area of decreased vascularization... 

In acute nephritis accompanied by oedema, the cholesterol content of the plasma increases in proportion to the oedema, and may reach a value of 390 mg. per 100 ml. Where there is no oedema, the cholesterol value may be unchanged. In ehronic parenchymatous nephritis, the cholesterol level may rise as high as 730 mg. per 100 ml. plasma. 

The preparation of the reagents is described in the Appendix. The normal range for blood urea is 15-40 mg. per 100 ml., representing about one-third to half of the total non-protein nitrogen. Hyperuraemia is associated with impaired renal function, particularly in chronic nephritis, and in some forms of acute nephritis, and prostatic obstruction. 

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