Active secondary market, development

The beneficial effects are demonstrated of heterogeneous secondary pyrolysis reactions on the liquid products of PU pyrolysis. Pyrolysis volatiles are passed through a packed bed of carbonaceous solids that promote the secondary reactions. Activated carbon and reaction injection moulded PU (RIM) char were found to be suitable bed materials. The long-term object was to develop marketable solid products by pyrolysis of wastes, so obtaining high char yields. In addition to affecting the liquid products, RIM char also increased the total char... 

Solvent extraction is now a proven technology for the commercial extraction, separation, and concentration of a wide range of metals both from primary and secondary sources (see Chapter 14). In recent years, there has been a reduction in the development, production, and marketing of new commercial extractants as the overall costs of such activities increases. However, the use of established reagents in new hydrometallurgical applications continues to expand. 

In normative models aimed at environmental sustainability, the natural approach to energy demand is to translate needs and goal satisfaction to energy requirements consistent already at demand level with environmental sustainability. For market-driven scenarios, basic needs and human goals play an equally important role, but secondary goals are more likely to be influenced by commercial interest rather than by personal motives. It is interesting that the basic needs approach is always taken in discussions of the development of societies with low economic activity, but rarely in discussions of highly industrialised cormtries. 

The LCA model focuses on physical characteristics of industrial activities and other economic processes. Market mechanisms or other secondary effects of technological development are not included. 

Besides the application of market share analysis to monitor sales relative to external criteria, correlation techniques can also be helpful to Market Research. To develop suitable factors of correlation, the basic demand for a product must be investigated. The demand for a chemical firm s product may be thought of as being due to four elements the state of the general economy, competitive activity, the price and physical property relationships of substitute materials produced either by the chemical or other industries, and consumer income and tastes. The first three elements are generally of immediate concern to the typical Chemical Market Research Department. The importance of the last element, consumer income and tastes in our industry, is generally of secondary importance, because chemical firms are usually removed by several stages of production from the economy. 

All passive safety measures implemented in the vehicle are only capable of addressing the so-called primary collision (i.e., contact with the vehicle). For example, only about 6 % of pedestrians impact with the head on the hood, which limits the efficacy of measures implemented there [48]. Secondary collisions, i.e., contacts with the road surface or other objects, are not addressed by those measures. In contrast active safety measures address the entire sequence of events and as a consequence have a much higher injury avoidance potential [17,49]. Preventive systems are at the moment in the state of development or already in the market [48, 50-52],... 

One of the most important groups of secondary products used in the treatment of diseases are the antibiotics (E 5.2) of which some 100 products are on the market. In 1980 worldwide antibiotic production was estimated at about 25,000 tons, including 17,000 tons of penicillins (D 23.3), 5,000 tons of tetracyclines (D 3.3.7), 1,200 tons of cephalosporins (D 23.3) and 800 tons of erythromycins (D 4). The search for new antibiotics continues because of the development of new resistant strains and the need for cheaper, safer, and more active products. Chemical modification of natural antibiotics is of increasing significance in this respect. Antibiotics are not only used in human or veterinary medicine, but on a large scale also for growth promotion of farm animals. 

Primary business activities are based on the applications of structural composites as the business product. Secondary business activities serve the needs of the primary industries, often as suppliers of raw materials. A third level of business activity involves providing basic and specialized training for the use of structural composites in specific applications and markets. As an example, the primary industry might be an aircraft manufecturer or a construction engineering firm, the secondary industry could then be a cement suppher or a resin and reinforcement fiber manufacturer, and the tertiary industry could be an organization that provides training in the use of advanced composite materials for aircraft maintenance workers or in the use of concrete and paving blends. In a very real sense, the opportunity for an individual s success in this field is as limitless as the opportunities for new developments and applications of the materials. 

These features are not unique to the lead mailret, but have affected all major non-ferrous metals to a varying extent. Indeed, they are symptomatic of technical developments in the metals industries themselves, as well as the transformation in economic activity and industrial structure that has taken place over the period. Thus, prices have been in general decline because of the combined effects of increasing production efficiency, which both cut costs and raised capacity, and slowing industrial demand, as the intensity of metal usage declined due to economisation and substitution. Lead has been more acutely affected because of the maturity of its markets, added environmental and health worries and probably, also, because of the laiger role played by the secondary sector. 

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