Market mechanisms

While these different pohcies vaiy broadly in form, their objective is essentially the same to substitute flexible economic-incentive systems for the current rigid, technology-based regulations that specify exactly how companies must comply. These market mechanisms have made regiilating easier for EPA and less burdensome and costly for industiy. 

Bearing in mind that most chemicals manufactiue arises from companies that are subject to market mechanisms modified, to varying degrees, by regulatory constraint, it is unlikely that there will be any single approach to technological development that wiU dominate. 

So the problem would be to compare the instruments that can be considered public oriented and those that can be considered market oriented, where the former is characterized by a public agency that defines a conduct rule and provides an enforcement system and the latter is characterized by instmments based on market mechanisms stimulating the conduct of the firm indirectly and by a private administration and enforcement system. 

To be watchful of the degree of dependence of medicine on the pharmaceutical industry, combining the best of public intervention and the best of market mechanisms. 

For a cleaner economy to be affordable an environmental market must be established and market mechanisms set to motion between all its interacting operators. Integration is necessary that would link researchers and developers of environmentally high technologies to designers of equipment to manufacturers to users. Professionals must be trained and... 

Judging from the relatively larger share of R D expenditures of total pharmaceutical firms sales revenues, it would appear that the market mechanism functions fairly well in providing financial incentives for R D. However, the... 

The lack of information on quality as it applies to groups of consumers reduces the effectiveness of market mechanisms in ensuring that the most valuable drugs command the highest prices, that is, that high quality receives hnancial rewards. Because of a lack of good comparative information on drug quality, demand-side constraints in pharmaceutical markets are insufficiently effective currently (Reinhardt, Chapter 2), which has led a few countries to implement formal public economic evaluation processes (Drummond, Chapter 11). 

Letter from Roy Widdus to Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (Hopefully) clarifying the discussion on advanced purchase commitments, advanced market mechanisms for early stage vaccines, and the IFFlm (May 10, 2005). 

For recent scholarship on market mechanisms to assure quality, see Klein (1997). 

There is nothing in the published literature concerning the financial relationships between the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank and the Chinese syndicates information had to be obtained from interviews with knowledgeable area sources, and compared to studies of financial market mechanisms. 

Construction of institutions for the allocation of rights that are fundamental for any market mechanism, e.g. bodies that make rules for liability and courts... 

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