Acidizing foams

Maurer et al. [57] determined the foaming power of octadecyl sulfuric acid and several of its salts, such as sodium, triethylamine, triethanolamine, and some amino acids. Foam capacity, measured by the Ross-Miles test [150] at 60°C, was in the range of 180-210 mm showing comparatively few differences. 

Ugolev, V.S. and Konyushendo, N.V. "Reaction of Acid Foams with a Carbonaceous Porous Media under Dynamic Conditions," Chemical Abstracts. 86(2) 6940d(1977). 

Fig. 4a, b. Scanning electron photomicrographs of amorphous poly(L-lactic acid) foams a 92% porosity and 30 pm median pore diameter b and 91% porosity and 94 pm median pore diameter. Prepared by a solvent-casting and particulate-leaching method [32] using 90 wt% sieved sodium chloride particles of size range between 0-53 pm and 106-150 pm, respectively... 

Acid-in-oil emulsion can extend the propagation of acid considerable distances into a reservoir because the continuous (oil) phase prevents or minimizes contact between the acid and the rock [4,678,689]. Emulsification also increases viscosity and will improve the distribution of the acid in layered and heterogeneous reservoirs. Acidizing foams are aqueous, in which the continuous phase is usually hydrochloric acid (carbonate reservoirs) or hydrofluoric acid (sandstone reservoirs), or a blend, together with suitable surfactants and other stabilizers [345,659]. Foaming an acidizing fluid increases its effective viscosity, providing mobility control when it is injected [678]. 

A. S. Goldstein, G. Zhu, G. E. Morris, R. K. Meszlenyi, and A. G. Mikos, Effect of osteoblastic culture conditions on the structure of poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foam scaffolds, Tissue Eng. 5, 421-433 (1999). 

H. Lo, S. Kadiylala, S. E. Guggino, and K. W. Leong, Poly(L-lactic acid) foams with cell seeding and controlled-release capacity, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 30, 475-484 (1996). 

After a 20-hour period, the products are transferred to a 500-ml. Erlenmeyer flask and neutralized by drop-by-drop addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Foaming occurs during this latter step. A saturated solution of cesium chloride is... 

Stream humic acid Foam fulvic acid Insufficient sample 53.28 5.80 38.88. 99. 04. 40 1.88... 

Fatty acid Stream fulvic acid Foam fulvic acid Foam humic acid Foam-extract humic acid raw foam... 

Investigations (34, 35) to study the effects and limitations of brine and acid foams as diverting agents for nonfoamed acids developed several interesting conclusions. In several case studies of actual stimulated wells... 

Very reactive. Similar in properties to CIF3, but considerably less reactive. Water dissolves gaseous IF, without detonation. Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs it with evolution of a large amount of heat. Sulfuric acid foams when IF, is bubbled through it. Attacks glass and quartz. Musty, acidic odor. 

Mikos, A. G. et al.. Preparation and characterization of poly(L-lactic acid) foams. Polymer, 35, 1068, 1994. 

Titanium di (cumylphenylate) oxyacetate. Titanium di (dioctylpyrophosphate) oxyacetate Titanium dimethacrylate oxyacetate Trideceth-8 Trideceth-10 Zirconium IVbis alkenolato, cycio (pentathb) dialkenylphosphato-0,0 foam builder, acrylic foam coatings Stanfax 320 Stanfax 388 foam builder, alkaline paint strippers Cocaminobutyric acid foam builder, aq. 

PEG-80 sorbitan laurate Stearoyl sarcosine foam builder, agric. adjuvants C12-16 pareth-2 C12-16 pareth-3 C12-16 pareth-5 C12-16 pareth-6 C12-16 pareth-7 C12-16 pareth-11 foam builder, agric. emulsifiers TEA-dodecylbenzenesulfonate foam builder, agric. sprays CIO-12 pareth-5 Cl2-14 pareth-9 foam builder, alkaline cleaners Disodium stearyl sulfosuccinamate foam builder, antidandruff shampoo Capryloyl hydrolyzed collagen Disodium undecylenamido MEA-sulfosuccinate Laureth Undecylenoyl collagen amino acids foam builder, antiseptic lotion cleansers Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate foam builder, aq. systems Sodium cocomonoglyceride sulfate foam builder, asphalt emulsions Octoxynol-50 foam builder, baby prods. 

PEG-80 sorbitan laurate foam builder, bath care Potassium cocoyl hydrolyzed keratin foam builder, bath gels Dipalmitoyl hydroxyproline Disodium oleth-3 sulfosuccinate Palmitoyl collagen amino acids Undecylenoyl collagen amino acids foam builder, beverage mixes Polysorbate 60... 

Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate foam builder, concrete Ammonium capryleth sulfate foam builder, conditioners Canolamidopropyl betaine Hydrolyzed wheat protein TEA-lauroyl keratin amino acids foam builder, conditioning shampoo PEG/PPG-8/3 diisostearate Undecylenoyl collagen amino acids foam builder, corrosion inhibitors N,N-Dimethyl-N-lauric acid-amidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyO-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-myristyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-palmityl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-stearyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Dimethyl-N-tallow-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine N,N-Distearyl-N-methyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine foam builder, cosmetic cleansers Sodium coco-glucoside tartrate TEA-PEG-3 cocamide sulfate foam builder, cosmetics Almondamidopropylamine oxide Almondamidopropyl betaine Ammonium C12-15 alkyl sulfate Ammonium C12-16 alkyl sulfate Ammonium capryleth sulfate Ammonium cocomonoglyceride sulfate Ammonium coco-sulfate Ammonium cocoyl... 

Sodium C14-16 olefin sulfonate Sodium myristyl sulfate Sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate TEA-lauryl sulfate foam builder, emulsions PEG-3 cocamide PEG-3 lauramide foam builder, fabric laundering prods. Bishydroxyethyl dihydroxypropyl stearaminium chloride foam builder, fabric softening prods. Bishydroxyethyl dihydroxypropyl stearaminium chloride foam builder, facial cleansers Sodium lauroyl methylaminopropionate Sodium/TEA-lauroyl hydrolyzed collagen amino acids TEA-lauroyl keratin amino acids foam builder, fibers Oleyl betaine... 

Olivamidopropyl dimethylamine lactate Palmitoyl collagen amino acids Palmitoyl keratin amino acids PG-hydroxyethylcellulose cocodimonium chloride PG-hydroxyethylcellulose lauryidimonium chloride PG-hydroxyethylcellulose stearyidimonium chloride Potassium cocoyl hydrolyzed keratin Sodium cocoyl hydrolyzed soy protein Sucrose ricinoleate TEA-cocoyl hydrolyzed soy protein Undecylenoyl collagen amino acids foam builder, skin cleansers Cocaminopropionic acid Disodium cocoamphodipropionate Disodium oleth-3 sulfosuccinate... 

Hydrogenated rapeseed oil fatty acid foam insulation, carpet underlays Polyurethane foam foam insulation, cold storage Polyurethane foam foam insulation, fabricated shapes Polyurethane foam foam insulation, furniture Polyurethane foam foam insulation, mattresses Polyurethane foam... 

Although these amino acids and their salts are available as solids, they are also distributed in solution form. The alkylamino acids foam copiously in the alkaline or neutral pH range. At low pHs, they behave as cationics and lose their foaming power. In their zwitterionic forms, they are substantive to hair and find use in all types of hair products. 

Mikos AG, Lyman MD, Freed LE, Langer R. Wetting of poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(Dl-lactic-Co-glycolic acid) foams for tissue-culture. Biomaterials 1994 15 55-8. 

Shea et al. [57] also utilized a spinner flask to culture poly(lactic acid) foams seeded with MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts and evaluated their differentiation. Cells were seeded statically and cultured for 12 weeks. Proliferation was observed over time however, their distribution throughout the scaffold lacked homogeneity. Cells were densely located only at a thin layer of 200 /rm near the scaffold s surface. The density dramatically decreased deeper into the construct. The same behavior was seen for the formation of extracellular matrix and calcium deposition. 

Lu, L. et al.. In vitro and in vivo degradation of porous poly(DL-lactic-co-glycoUc acid) foams. Biomaterials 21,1837,2000. 

Ishaug-Riley, S.L. et al. Ectopic bone formation by marrow stromal osteoblast transplantation using poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foams implanted into the rat mesentery, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 36, 1,1997. 

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