Acidity potential

Salicylic acid (ortho hydroxybenzoic add) is a beta hydroxy acid agent. It is a lipophilic compound which produces desquamation of the stratum corneum via removal of intercellular lipids [3] (see salicylic acid section). Given its keratolytic effects, it has become an increasingly popular superficial peeling agent. Salicylic acid peels induce injury via thinning or removal of the stratum corneum. In addition, salicylic acid potentially enhances the penetration of TCA. 

Yamada, T., Volkmer, C. and Grisham, M.B. (1990). Antioxidant properties of 5-aminosalicylic acid, potential mechanism for its anti-inflammatory activity. In Trends in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy , (ed. C.J. Williams) pp. 73-84. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Lancaster. 

In order to arrive at values of the virtually intrinsic acidity, i.e., an acidity expression independent of the solvent used (Tremillon12 called it the absolute acidity), Schwarzenbach13 used the normal acidity potential as an expression for the potential of a standard Pt hydrogen electrode (1 atm H2), immersed in a solution of the acid and its conjugate base in equal activities analogously to eqn. 2.39 for a redox system and assuming n = 1 for the transfer of one proton, he wrote for the acidity potential... 

There may be preference for the term "standard acidity potential , analogous to "standard redox potential , as we are concerned with equal instead of normal concentrations of the conjugates. 

In case of equilibrium EaC] = EaCi, so that the resulting standard acidity potential is... 

Mertens-Talcott SU, Bomser JA, Romero C, Talcott ST and Percival SS. 2005. Ellagic acid potentiates the effect of quercetin on p21wafl/cipl, p53, and MAP-kinases without affecting intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in vitro. J Nutr 135 609—614. 

HALKET, J.M., PRZYBOROWSKA, A., STEIN, S.E., MALLARD, W.G., DOWN, S., CHALMERS, R.A., Deconvolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of urinary organic acids—potential for patem recognition and automated identification of metabolic disorders, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 1999,13,279-284. 

Lindquist, R. N. Terry, C (1974). Inhibition of Subtilisin by Boronic Acids, Potential Analogs of Tetrahedral Reaction Intermediates, Arch, Biochem. Biophvs. 160. 135-144. 

In the presence of Pb(II) ions in sulfuric acid, potential oscillations have been observed for galvanostatic oxidation of hydrogen on platinum electrode [129]. This behavior has been attributed to ad-sorption/oxidation/desorption processes of lead on the platinum surface. Lead at high values of coverage is oxidized to insoluble PbS04, which blocks the Pt surface. 

OB to C02 —59.1% colorless crysts from w as a hydrate, mp (dec above 200°) dlf sol in cold w. First prepd by Strecker by treating Gu2-H2C03 with oxalic acid. Potentially a good flash-reducing agent Refs 1) Beil 3, 86 8c (40) 2) A. Strecker,... 

Nevertheless, the lesions provoked by HF are dreadful and may even endanger the vital prognosis of the individual because of the cardiac complications that it can engender in case of associated facial projection. Why Simply because to the initial destruction of the structures of the eye by its acid potential (ion H ), is added the chelating and toxic action of the fluoride ion (F ) (Fig. 3.57). This action will develop gradually, in situ in the layers of the cornea, as the HF breaks up. This results in a deep damage with a necrotic character. 

Values for log K for various redox reactions are given in Ref. 18 together with the traditional standard potential values. Those who prefer to express the electron activity in volts rather than on a scale similar to that for other reagents should remember that at one time some physical chemists opposed expressing acidity by [H+] or pH. They claimed quite correctly that what one measures is really not a concentration but an e.m.f., and thus they found it more logical to measure the acidity, not by [H+] or its logarithm, but rather by the acidity potential, a quantity in volts. 

Complementary laboratory experimental investigations of nPr-BTP hydrolytic stability revealed that /9,m values decreased by 80% after two days of contact of the nPr-BTP solvent with a 1 M nitric acid solution, but by 50% after only two hours, due to the artificial addition of nitrous acid (potentially formed by the alpha radiolysis of nitric acid during a hot test) at 0.02 M to the 1 M nitric acid solution (206, 207). 

Terephthalie acid can be reduced smoothly to 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid (potential intermediate for polyesters) in alkaline electrolytes ... 

Belury, M.A., Inhibition of Carcinogenesis by Conjugated Linoleic Acid Potential Mechanisms of Action, J. Nutr., 132, 2995, 2002. 

Sauvaire, Y., Petit, P., and Broca, C. 1998. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine a novel amino acid potentiator of insulin secretion. Diabetes 47, 206-210. 

Wallqvist A, Uller M (1994) A simplified amino acid potential for use in structure predictions of proteins, Proteins, 18 267-280... 

Belury, M. 2002. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by conjugated linoleic acid potential mechanisms of action. J. Nutr. 132, 2995-2998. 

Caruccio, F. T. 1975. Estimating of the acid potential of the coal mine refuse. In M. J. Chadwick and G. T. Goodman, Eds. The Ecology of Resource Degradation and Renewal. Blackwell Scientific Publishers, London, England. 

Classical interaction potentials for molecular systems can be pairwise or take manybody interactions into account, molecules can be rigid or flexible, and both stretching and torsion motions can be considered [28]. Polarizability can be introduced, but for example for water this does not seem to make the potentials mimic reality unambiguously better. The potentials, also called force fields, are fitted to reproduce certain sets of properties, and can fail to reproduce other characteristics. The potentials suffer from problems with transferability for example a water-sulfuric acid potential developed for the two-component mixture does not necessarily describe the interaction between water and sulfuric acid in a three-component mixture of water, sulfuric acid and ammonia. Also, potentials created for bulk liquid do not always work for surface layers or small clusters. 

The violence with which sulfuric acid and water combine makes the dilution of concentrated sulfuric acid potentially hazardous. The addition of water to the concentrated acid produces a vigorous reaction, which often causes acid droplets to spew in all directions. For obvious reasons, this must be avoided. Always add the acid to water when diluting so that any accidental splattering will involve dilute acid rather than concentrated acid. ... 

Bulk aluminum may undergo the following dangerous interactions exothermic reaction with butanol, methanol, 2-propanol, or other alcohols, sodium hydroxide to release explosive hydrogen gas. Reaction with diborane forms pyrophoric product. Ignition on contact with niobium oxide + sulfur. Explosive reaction with molten metal oxides, oxosalts (nitrates, sulfates), sulfides, and sodium carbonate. Reaction with arsenic trioxide + sodium arsenate + sodium hydroxide produces the toxic arsine gas. Violent reaction with chlorine trifluoride, Incandescent reaction with formic acid. Potentially violent alloy formation with palladium, platinum at mp of Al, 600°C. Vigorous dissolution reaction in... 

Kambe T, Murakami M, Kudo I. Polyunsaturated fatty acids potentiate interleukin-1-stimulated arachidonic acid release by cells overexpressing type IIA secretory phospholipase A2. FEBS Lett. 1999 453 81-84. 

Most commodity oils contain fatty acids with chain lengths between Cie and C22, with Cig fatty acids dominating in most plant oils. Palm kernel and coconut, sources of medium-chain fatty acids, are referred to as lauric oils. Animal fats have a wider range of chain length, and high erucic varieties of rape are rich in this C22 monoene acid. Potential new oil crops with unusual unsaturation or additional functionahty are under development. Compilations of the fatty acid composition of oils and fats (6, 9, 11, 12) and less-common fatty acids (13) are available. 

Acetylsalicylic acid Potentiation (106,107) (at doses Unknown Avoid concurrent use can also impair... 

Etacrynic acid Potentiation possible (167) Unknown Anecdotal... 

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