Acid hydrolysis, fatty acids

A fat or an oil is produced when three long-chain carboxylic acids, called fatty acids, bond with a glycerol unit to form three ester bonds. (Note that the three fatty acids are not always identical.) A hydrolysis reaction can split these three ester bonds to produce glycerol and a combination of the salts of fatty acids, better known as soap. 

The simplest type of phosphoinositide is represented by the phosphatide isolated from horse liver or dog liver by McKibbin.171 This consists only of glycerol, myo-inositol, phosphoric acid, and fatty acids it probably has structure LXXX. Similar inositides, differing only in the nature of the fatty acids, have been isolated from wheat germ,187 beef heart, 188 and beef liver.189 That the major portion of the fatty acids is attached to glycerol, not to myo-inositol, was shown by the isolation of a diglyceride on mild hydrolysis.189... 

Acid hydrolyses are usually carried out by refluxing in 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (constant boiling) or 5 to 10% solutions of HC1 in methanol (to promote solubility) for 4 to 30 hr, depending on the lipid in question. Most glycerophosphatides are hydrolyzed by acid to fatty acids, glycerophosphate, and the free base, just as with alkali. However, inositol phosphatides initially yield inositol phosphate and diglycerides on acid hydrolysis. Hydrochloric acid is easily removed by vacuum, which makes chromatographic examination of the hydrolysis products easier. 

ATP plays a central role in cellular maintenance both as a chemical for biosynthesis of macromolecules and as the major soirrce of energy for all cellular metabolism. ATP is utilized in numerous biochemical reactions including the eitric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and pyruvate dehydrogenase. ATP also drives ion transporters sueh as Ca -ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes, H+-ATPase in the lysosomal membrane, and Na+/K+-ATPase in the plasma membrane. Chemieal energy (30.5 kJ/mol) is released by the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). 

Wild cherry is a large tree, native to southern Canada. It is widespread in the United States and Europe. The bark, small branches, and twigs are used to prepare the fluid extract and tincture. The main constituent of wild cherry extract is the glucoside prunasin, which on enzymatic hydrolysis yields prussic acid, glucose, and benzaldehyde. Also present are coumarin, phytosterols, benzoic acid, and fatty acids (e.g., oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids). It has a characteristic sweet, tart, cherry-like flavor. Wild cherry bark extract is commonly used at concentrations of approximately 50-800 ppm in foods and pharmaceuticals. 

The analytical results obtained clearly indicate that lake humic substances are aliphatic in nature. It is also clear that a significant amount of biochemical compounds (amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, etc.) are released from humic substances by hydrolysis or solvent and saponification extractions. 

Chloroplasts perform many metabolic reactions in green leaves. In addition to CO2 fixation, the synthesis of almost all amino acids, all fatty acids and carotenes, all pyrimidines, and probably all purines occurs in chloroplasts. However, the synthesis of sugars from CO2 is the most extensively studied biosynthetic pathway in plant cells. We first consider the unique pathway, known as the Calvin cycle (after discoverer Melvin Calvin), that fixes CO2 into three-carbon compounds, powered by energy released during ATP hydrolysis and oxidation of NADPH. 

The hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called saponification, a term that comes from the Latin word for soap, sapon. Naturally occurring esters include fats and oils, and in making soap an animal fat or a vegetable oil is boiled with a strong base. The resultant soap consists of a mixture of salts of long-chain carboxylic acids (called fatty acids), which form during the saponification reaction. 

The amide is acid-hydrolysed and the hydrolysis products are separated and determined. Amides resist hydrolysis and require prolonged boiling at high temperature with a high concentration of acid. The fatty acid is extracted and the amino acid determined by acid titration. The same procedure can also be used for sarcosinates. 

Synonyms Acids, lanolin Fatty acids, lanolin Lanolic acids Lanolin fatty acids Definition Mixture of organic acids obtained from hydrolysis of lanolin Properties Pale yel. to brn. waxy solid Toxicology TSCA listed... 

C22H34O2. A straight-chain fatty acid with 5 double bonds. A major component of fish oils and the oils of marine animals, clupeine Protamine class protein found in the sperm and testicles of the herring. On hydrolysis it gives about 90% of argenine. 

Fats are hydrolysed to glycerol and fatty acids by boiling with acids and alkalis, by superheated steam and by the action of lipases. If alkalis are used for hydrolysis, the fatty acids combine with the alkalis to form soaps. Alkaline hydrolysis is therefore sometimes called saponification. 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Although extraction of lipids from membranes can be induced in atomic force apparatus (Leckband et al., 1994) and biomembrane force probe (Evans et al., 1991) experiments, spontaneous dissociation of a lipid from a membrane occurs very rarely because it involves an energy barrier of about 20 kcal/mol (Cevc and Marsh, 1987). However, lipids are known to be extracted from membranes by various enzymes. One such enzyme is phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which complexes with membrane surfaces, destabilizes a phospholipid, extracts it from the membrane, and catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of the srir2-acyl chain of the lipid, producing lysophospholipids and fatty acids (Slotboom et al., 1982 Dennis, 1983 Jain et al., 1995). SMD simulations were employed to investigate the extraction of a lipid molecule from a DLPE monolayer by human synovial PLA2 (see Eig. 6b), and to compare this process to the extraction of a lipid from a lipid monolayer into the aqueous phase (Stepaniants et al., 1997). 

N-Benzylamides are recommended when the corresponding acid is liquid and/or water-soluble so that it cannot itself serve as a derivative. Phe benzylamides derived from the simple fatty acids or their esters are not altogether satisfactory (see Table below) those derived from most hydroxy-acids and from poly basic acids or their esters are formed in good yield and are easily purified. The esters of aromatic acids yield satisfactory derivatives but the method must compete with the equally simple process of hydrolysis and precipitation of the free acid, an obvious derivative when the acid is a solid. The procedure fails with esters of keto, sul phonic, inorganic and some halogenated aliphatic esters. 

The term fat is applied to solid esters of fatty acids with glycerol (glycerides) if the fat is liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is conventionally called a fatty oil, vegetable oil or animal oil. The acids which occur most abundantly are palmitic ticid CH3(CHj),4COOH, stearic acid CH3(CH2)isCOOH and oleic acid CH3(CH2),CH=CH(CH2),C00H. Upon hydrolysis, fats yield glycerol and the alkali salts of these acids (soaps) ... 

Fats and oils are naturally occurring mixtures of glycerol tnesters Fats are mixtures that are solids at room temperature oils are liquids The long chain carboxylic acids obtained from fats and oils by hydrolysis are known as fatty acids... 

What fatty acids are produced on hydrolysis of 2 oleyl 1 3... 

Secondary alcohols (C q—for surfactant iatermediates are produced by hydrolysis of secondary alkyl borate or boroxiae esters formed when paraffin hydrocarbons are air-oxidized ia the presence of boric acid [10043-35-3] (19,20). Union Carbide Corporation operated a plant ia the United States from 1964 until 1977. A plant built by Nippon Shokubai (Japan Catalytic Chemical) ia 1972 ia Kawasaki, Japan was expanded to 30,000 t/yr capacity ia 1980 (20). The process has been operated iadustriaHy ia the USSR siace 1959 (21). Also, predominantiy primary alcohols are produced ia large volumes ia the USSR by reduction of fatty acids, or their methyl esters, from permanganate-catalyzed air oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons (22). The paraffin oxidation is carried out ia the temperature range 150—180°C at a paraffin conversion generally below 20% to a mixture of trialkyl borate, (RO)2B, and trialkyl boroxiae, (ROBO). Unconverted paraffin is separated from the product mixture by flash distillation. After hydrolysis of residual borate esters, the boric acid is recovered for recycle and the alcohols are purified by washing and distillation (19,20). 

Fatty acids are susceptible to oxidative attack and cleavage of the fatty acid chain. As oxidation proceeds, the shorter-chain fatty acids break off and produce progressively higher levels of malodorous material. This condition is known as rancidity. Another source of rancidity in fatty foods is the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fatty acid from the glycerol. The effect of this reaction on nutritional aspects of foods is poorly understood andhttie research has been done in the area. 

Manufacture of Fatty Acids and Derivatives. Splitting of fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol (a valuable coproduct) has been practiced since before the 1890s. In early processes, concentrated alkaU reacted with fats to produce soaps followed by acidulation to produce the fatty acids. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, mostly with sulfuric and sulfonic acids, was also practiced. Pressurized equipment was introduced to accelerate the rate of the process, and finally continuous processes were developed to maximize completeness of the reaction (105). Lipolytic enzymes maybe utilized to spHt... 

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