Abstracts Criticism

Abstract Critical Information Infrastructure constitutes a subset of... 

ABSTRACT Critical infrastructures are important for maintaining essential functions in a modem society. Risk and vulnerability analysis (RVA) has been applied and adapted for each critical infrastrucmre sector independently. This has resulted in different risk assessment approaches, and insufficient analyses of interdependencies between the sectors. This article presents an approach for analyzing infrastructure interdependencies as part of a RVA. A short review of current models and analysis approaches is given, and an example from a case study of the city of Oslo, Norway, is presented. 

The Beilstein database [20] has more than 8.3 million (October, 2002) organic substance records from the Beilstein Handbook and abstracted from about 180 journals in organic chemistry from 1779 to the present. AH documents are critically evaluated and peer-reviewed. 

The active site on the surface of selective propylene ammoxidation catalyst contains three critical functionalities associated with the specific metal components of the catalyst (37—39) an a-H abstraction component such as Sb ", or Te" " an olefin chemisorption and oxygen or nitrogen insertion component such as Mo " or and a redox couple such as Fe " /Fe " or Ce " /Ce" " to enhance transfer of lattice oxygen between the bulk and surface... 

This proposal, however, has been criticized on the basis of transition state theory (74). Hydroperoxy radicals produced in reaction 23 or 24 readily participate in chain-terminating reactions (eq. 17) and are only weak hydrogen abstractors. When they succeed in abstracting hydrogen, they generate hydrogen peroxide ... 

Occupational Health Safety Seven Critical Issues Oceanic Abstracts OIL... 

There is a need for verification techniques in DFQ that can be used in the early and critical product development phases, where the quality is determined, i.e. can be applied on abstract and incomplete product models (Morup, 1993). The CA methodology is largely a verification technique that aims to achieve this. 

Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical accounts of heterocyclic compounds (cyclic compounds containing at least one heteroatom other than carbon in the ring) ranging from three members to supramolecules. More than half of the more than 10000 compounds hsted in Chemical Abstracts are hete-rocychc compounds. The branch of chemistry deahng with these heterocyclic compounds is called heterocyclic chemistry, which is the largest branch of chemistry and as such the chemical hterature appearing every year as research papers and review articles is vast and can not be covered in a single volume. 

Abstract Current microwave-assisted protocols for reaction on solid-phase and soluble supports are critically reviewed. The compatibility of commercially available polymer supports with the relatively harsh conditions of microwave heating and the possibilities for reaction monitoring are discussed. Instrmnentation available for microwave-assisted solid-phase chemistry is presented. This review also summarizes the recent applications of controlled microwave heating to sohd-phase and SPOT-chemistry, as well as to synthesis on soluble polymers, fluorous phases and functional ionic liquid supports. The presented examples indicate that the combination of microwave dielectric heating with solid- or soluble-polymer supported chemistry techniques provides significant enhancements both at the level of reaction rate and ease of purification compared to conventional procedures. 

Abstract Detectors play a key role in an astronomical observatory. In astronomy, the role of the telescope and instrument is to bring light to a focus - in effect, the telescope-instrument act as spectacles . The detectors, meanwhile, have the critical role of sensing the light - the detectors are the eyes of an observatory. The performance of an astronomical observatory is directly dependent upon the performance of its detector systems. 

Abstract Molecular spectroscopy is one of the most important means to characterize the various species in solid, hquid and gaseous elemental sulfur. In this chapter the vibrational, UV-Vis and mass spectra of sulfur molecules with between 2 and 20 atoms are critically reviewed together with the spectra of liquid sulfur and of solid allotropes including polymeric and high-pressure phases. In particular, low temperature Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique to identify single species in mixtures. In mass spectra cluster cations with up to 56 atoms have been observed but fragmentation processes cause serious difficulties. The UV-Vis spectra of S4 are reassigned. The modern XANES spectroscopy has just started to be applied to sulfur allotropes and other sulfur compounds. 

The Michelson and Morley experiment shows the critical importance of intuitive concepts and understanding in the progress of Physics. It is essential that the abstract concepts and intuitive notions of a theory are accurate, precise and correct. A necessary condition is that they correspond exactly to the mathematical formulation of these concepts. In the case of MT during the last century and the beginning of this century, that correspondence was flawed. This example demonstrates the importance of teaching students both the concepts and the mathematics and to make sure that the relationship between the two is fully understood. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) molten salts database has been designed to provide engineers and scientists with rapid access to critically evaluated data for inorganic salts in the molten state. Properties include density, viscosity, electrical conductance, and surface tension. Properties for approximately 320 single salts and 4000 multicomponent systems are included, the latter being primarily binary. Data have been abstracted from the literature over the period 1890-1990. The primary data sources are the National Bureau of Standards-National... 

Abstract Alkaloids are very much important molecules, not only for chemical reasons but also because of their diverse biological activities. Up to now several reviews have been published explaining the use of biotransformation or microbial transformation techniques to modify alkaloids, which added several advantages over the classical chemical transformation systems. This chapter is a critical update of the microbial transformations reported in the last couple of years, targeting novel biocatalysts from microbes. 

The material presented here is a compilation obtained by critically screening approximately 20,000 references from the literature (mainly from the Petroleum Abstracts Data Base and Patent Data Bases). Only materials that are accessible to the public have been included. The literature was screened from a chemist s point of view. Unfortunately several papers and patents did not disclose the chemical nature of the additives that are proposed for certain applications. In most cases it was not possible to learn the components by looking up cross-references and other sources. Papers of this kind are useless and have been omitted from the reference list. Research and procedures that are obviously not working, as well as wonder additives that are supposedly good for everything you can imagine, have also been left out. 

Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library [44] includes The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, a collection of regularly updated, systematic reviews of the effects of health care. It is maintained by contributors to the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane reviews are reviews mainly of randomized controlled trials. To minimize bias, evidence is included or excluded on the basis of explicit quality criteria. Data are often combined statistically, with meta-analysis, to increase the power of the findings of numerous studies, each too small to produce reliable results individually. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness is also included. It consists of critical assessments and structured abstracts of good systematic reviews published elsewhere. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register with bibliographic information on controlled trials and other sources of information on the science of reviewing research and evidence-based health care are part of the Cochrane Library. It is commercially available on CD-ROM or the Internet. 

---