Structured Abstraction

Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library [44] includes The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, a collection of regularly updated, systematic reviews of the effects of health care. It is maintained by contributors to the Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane reviews are reviews mainly of randomized controlled trials. To minimize bias, evidence is included or excluded on the basis of explicit quality criteria. Data are often combined statistically, with meta-analysis, to increase the power of the findings of numerous studies, each too small to produce reliable results individually. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness is also included. It consists of critical assessments and structured abstracts of good systematic reviews published elsewhere. The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register with bibliographic information on controlled trials and other sources of information on the science of reviewing research and evidence-based health care are part of the Cochrane Library. It is commercially available on CD-ROM or the Internet. 

Decker, D.L., Tyler, S.W., Papelis, C. and Simunek, J. (1999) A reactive transport model for arsenic in unsaturated gold mine heap and waste rock structures. Abstracts with Programs-Geological Society of America, 31(7), 70. 

It s easier to pinpoint and eliminate any physical or technical contradictions. See Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) and Separation Principles (Technique 24) for more. 

Review each cell in the matrix and discuss the merits of joining the two characteristics. Eliminate cells that contain existing ideas or don t make sense (such as spa services and in-seat chargers). However, don t immediately discard ideas because they contain technical or physical contradictions you may be able to get past the contradictions using Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) or Separation Principles (Technique 24). 

As a result, of applying movement to the PT statements, you should have a list of innovative ideas to explore further. Your ideas may be ready-made solutions. More than likely, however. Provocation and Movement may have pushed you to the boundaries of what is possible. In this case, you may need to leverage Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) or Separation Principles (Technique 24) to help you overcome any physical or technical contradictions inherent in your ideas. 

The Structured Abstraction technique comes in handy when you ve identified a functional contradiction that stands in the way of an innovation—and when other ideation techniques have fallen short. Because Structured Abstraction is deeply grounded in science, engineering, and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), it s best to seek the help of an expert when using this technique. 

We recommend this book because it displays the entire contradiction matrix. Structured Abstraction case studies, and additional information about this and other TRIZ-based methods and techniques. 

This technique comes in handy when the innovation opportunity is (a) well-defined and (b) contains at least one technical contradiction (see Structured Abstraction, Technique 23) or physical contradiction (see Separation Principles, Technique 24). Unless you re well-versed in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), you will need special assistance from an expert to properly apply this technique. Several U.S. and U.K. organizations can help (see resource list at the end of this technique). 

Using the list of desirable and measurable features from step 1, create an initial design. For this high-level design, you can apply any number of techniques, including Axiomatic Design (Technique 31), Function Structure (Technique 32), Structured Abstraction (Technique 23), and Separation... 

This database, produced by the National Health Services Center for Review and Dissemination at the University of York, contains more than 2500 structured abstracts of good-quality published reviews about the effectiveness of health interventions. The database also can be accessed free on the Internet at www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd. 

In addition to conventional modeling concepts for predetermined procedures, which comprise activities in a well-defined order or with explicit conditions for their execution, a modeling language for design processes must provide powerful concepts for temporal and structural abstraction. Temporal abstraction refers to the freedom to omit information about the temporal relations between activities (e.g., by permitting a partial overlap of two subsequent activities). An even stronger structural abstraction allows to create process models which do not determine whether an activity is performed at all. 

The Cochrane Library represents one of the most comprehensive sources of systematic reviews summarizing the evidence about health care. About 2000 Cochrane reviews are currently available, and another 1441 reviews were in progress when this chapter was finalized in spring 2004. Since new reviews are added quarterly, eventually all areas of health care wiU be covered. The Cochrane Library includes the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, which contains more than 2500 structured abstracts of good-quahty... 

The camphor lies 4 A above the pyrrole A ring of the protoporphyrin IX. The orientation of the camphor implies that a heme-bound activated oxygen atom can add only from the direction that gives 5-exo-hydroxycamphor, the product that is actually found. Thus the stereospecific nature of the oxidation is demonstrated in the crystal structure. Abstraction of hydrogen can occur from either the exo or endo positions C5 of camphor, but oxygen adds stereospecifically only to the re face to give only the exo compound. 

Yokozeki, A. 5th Austin Symposium on Gas Phase Molecular Structure, Abstract W5, Austin, Texas 1974. 

Hodges, L, and Bartell, L. S. 4th Austin Symposium on Gas Phase Molecul Structure, Abstract M17, Austin, Texas 1972. 

Seiranian, K.B., L.S. Garashina, K.S. Gavri-chev and B.P. Sobolev, 1975, Phase Diagrams of the SrFr-(Y, Ln)F3 Systems and New Phases with Fluorite-derived Structures, Abstracts of Fourth Conference on the Chemistry of Inorganic Fluorides, Dushanbe, SSSR (Akad. Nauk SSSR) p. 21. 

Penner-Hahn, J.E., Pecoraro, V.L., Fronko, R.M., Tsang, H-T., Yocum, C.F., Betts, S. (1988) in 5th International Conference on X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (Abstracts) Seattle, Washington... 

Structural Abstraction - supporting generalised n-ary, optional and alternative relationships between GSN elements... 

These abstraction levels here refer to functional, stmctural, or physical views of the design as shown in Fig. APV/4.0.2-1A. When looking at any abstraction level, say structural abstraction, it is found that at higher level functional block, (say) processor at lower level, (say) register, and further lower level... 

Radical aromatic substitution is stepwise, involving a radical intermediate that has several resonance structures. Abstraction of the hydrogen on the carbon where the radical added requires either another radical or an oxidizing agent. The reaction and proper elec-... 

ACI Structural Journal (American Concrete Institute) (1987-) (0889-3241). Bimonthly, the world s leading journal on the analysis of concrete structures. Abstracts are searchable http //www.concrete.org/PUBS/JOURNALS/SJHOME.ASP (accessed October 18, 2010). 

Chittaro, L. and Ranon, R. (2004). Hierarchical model-based diagnosis based on structural abstraction. Artificial Intelligence, 1-2 147-182. 

An atom correspondence must be established between the representative member and all other members of the group, so that the reaction mappings can be assigned correctly. This is straightforward for the case of structural abstraction, but could be more difficult for molecular similarity if the similarity rules are fuzzy or ambiguous. 

Sharp, D. B. Stereospecific photo-oxidation of olefins. Quantum yidd and olefin structure. Abstracts, 138th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, Sept, 19is0, p. 79 P. 

Structural abstraction, which applies to the is-solved-by and the in-context-of GSN relations, is supported by the concepts of multiplicity and optionality. The former generalizes n-ary relations between GSN elements, while the latter captures alternatives in the relations, to represent a k-of-m choice, where A > 1. There are, further, two types of multiplicity optional, implying zero or one, and many, implying zero or more. Multiplicity can be combined with optionality placing a multiplicity symbol prior to the option describes a multiplicity over all the options. This is equivalent to placing that multiplicity symbol on all the alternatives after the option [8]. 

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