Abstraction Technique

Abstraction is the most useful technique a developer can apply being able to state the important aspects of a problem uncluttered by less-important detail.6 It s equally important to be able to trace how the more-detailed picture relates to the abstraction. We ve already seen some of the main abstraction techniques in Catalysis—the ability to treat a complex system as one object and to treat complex interactions as one action and yet state the outcome precisely. This approach contrasts with more-traditional design techniques in which abstract also tends to mean fuzzy, so you can t see whether a statement is right or wrong because it might have many different interpretations. 

Different projects will use these abstraction techniques differently. Some project teams may work with a simple design that needs little transformation from concepts to code. Others, starting with an existing system and existing procedures for using it, may need to abstract its essentials before devising an updated solution. 

Catalysis provides a coherent set of abstraction techniques and also provides the rationale to relate more-detailed accounts to the abstractions and to document the conformance with specific descriptions. 

It s easier to pinpoint and eliminate any physical or technical contradictions. See Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) and Separation Principles (Technique 24) for more. 

Review each cell in the matrix and discuss the merits of joining the two characteristics. Eliminate cells that contain existing ideas or don t make sense (such as spa services and in-seat chargers). However, don t immediately discard ideas because they contain technical or physical contradictions you may be able to get past the contradictions using Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) or Separation Principles (Technique 24). 

As a result, of applying movement to the PT statements, you should have a list of innovative ideas to explore further. Your ideas may be ready-made solutions. More than likely, however. Provocation and Movement may have pushed you to the boundaries of what is possible. In this case, you may need to leverage Structured Abstraction (Technique 23) or Separation Principles (Technique 24) to help you overcome any physical or technical contradictions inherent in your ideas. 

The Structured Abstraction technique comes in handy when you ve identified a functional contradiction that stands in the way of an innovation—and when other ideation techniques have fallen short. Because Structured Abstraction is deeply grounded in science, engineering, and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), it s best to seek the help of an expert when using this technique. 

This technique comes in handy when the innovation opportunity is (a) well-defined and (b) contains at least one technical contradiction (see Structured Abstraction, Technique 23) or physical contradiction (see Separation Principles, Technique 24). Unless you re well-versed in the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), you will need special assistance from an expert to properly apply this technique. Several U.S. and U.K. organizations can help (see resource list at the end of this technique). 

Using the list of desirable and measurable features from step 1, create an initial design. For this high-level design, you can apply any number of techniques, including Axiomatic Design (Technique 31), Function Structure (Technique 32), Structured Abstraction (Technique 23), and Separation... 

In related studies. Green and co-workers (55, 108) prepared similar tt-ethylene-containing cationic complexes directly from cr-ethyl derivatives by hydride abstraction techniques ... 

Two classes are known based on free radicals and hydrogen abstraction techniques, respectively. Free residual types are receptive to UV light by absorbing radiation energy such that free radicals result and these produce a chain polymerization reaction and eventually a solid polymer matrix. An example of the photoinitiation reaction sequence, which follows a Norrish I-type cleavage, is given in Fig. 12.10. Another photoinitiator would be benzoin butyl ether shown in Fig. 12.11. 

As future work, we want to develop our simulator and model checking techniques for the model for multiple autonomous systems. Evaluation of the possibilities of model checking for our model is also important future work. It is well-known that the size of state space becomes larger, model checking becomes harder. In order to overcome the problem, we want to consider several abstraction techniques. 

In Chapter 3 we considered methods of formation of solvento-complexes and illustrated the various ways these compounds are prepared. Halide abstraction techniques that utilize silver salts are commonly employed in the synthesis of mixed-ligand solvento-complexes and such techniques are used also for the transformation of halide complexes into homoleptic solvento-complexes. 

Abstract. A smooth empirical potential is constructed for use in off-lattice protein folding studies. Our potential is a function of the amino acid labels and of the distances between the Ca atoms of a protein. The potential is a sum of smooth surface potential terms that model solvent interactions and of pair potentials that are functions of a distance, with a smooth cutoff at 12 Angstrom. Techniques include the use of a fully automatic and reliable estimator for smooth densities, of cluster analysis to group together amino acid pairs with similar distance distributions, and of quadratic progrmnming to find appropriate weights with which the various terms enter the total potential. For nine small test proteins, the new potential has local minima within 1.3-4.7A of the PDB geometry, with one exception that has an error of S.SA. 

Searching of one or more on-line databases is a technique increasingly used ia novelty studies. The use of such databases enables the searcher to combine indexing parameters, including national and international classifications natural language words ia the full text of patents, ia their claims, or ia abstracts suppHed by iaventor and by professional documentation services and indexing systems of various sorts. Because the various patent databases have strengths and weaknesses that complement each other, the use of multiple databases is thus pmdent, and is faciUtated by multifile and cross-file techniques provided by the various on-line hosts. 

In 1990, Chemical Abstracts Service listed over 10 million substances in their Registry. Moreover, the growth of new compounds is exponential, lea ding to a doubling of known chemicals every eleven years. Thus there is an ever increasing need to efficiendy identify substances and quantitate material with high confidence. Hyphenated instmments, combinations of accepted instmmental techniques where the sample is passed from one instmment directiy into another, were developed to aid in solving this problem (1). 

Introduction of a 3-bromosubstituent onto thiophene is accompHshed by initial tribromination, followed by reduction of the a-bromines by treatment with zinc/acetic acid, thereby utilizing only one of three bromines introduced. The so-called halogen dance sequence of reactions, whereby bromothiophenes are treated with base, causing proton abstraction and rearrangement of bromine to the produce the most-stable anion, has also been used to introduce a bromine atom at position 3. The formation of 3-bromotbiopbene [872-31-1] from this sequence of reactions (17) is an efficient use of bromine. Vapor-phase techniques have also been proposed to achieve this halogen migration (18), but with less specificity. Table 3 summarizes properties of some brominated thiophenes. 

Family of the scientist has presented documentar y materials to Academy of sciences in June 1974. Among them, the most important ar e manuscripts, typewritten copies about 100 scientific works of the scientist and working materials to them. Its includes articles, reports, monographs, the textbooks written by A.K. Babko during last 25 year s working writing-books with extracts, marks on various questions, abstracts of chemical literature responses and reviews on thesis of Ph.D. and doctor s degrees, on ar ticles, books, textbooks. For example, early works Product of solubility , To a technique of definition of strontium in minerals (1940-s), many unpublished works in 1940-1960, etc. 

There is a need for verification techniques in DFQ that can be used in the early and critical product development phases, where the quality is determined, i.e. can be applied on abstract and incomplete product models (Morup, 1993). The CA methodology is largely a verification technique that aims to achieve this. 

T. D. Burchell, I. Oku and M. Eto, A Comparison of Fracture Toughness Measurement Techniques as Applied to Nuclear Graphites, Extended Abstracts and Program, International Carbon Conference, 1990, pp 278 279... 

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