A Tobacco

Very few self-sufficient viruses have only 60 protein chains in their shells. The satellite viruses do not themselves encode all of the functions required for their replication and are therefore not self-sufficient. The first satellite virus to be discovered, satellite tobacco necrosis virus, which is also one of the smallest known with a diameter of 180 A, has a protein shell of 60 subunits. This virus cannot replicate on its own inside a tobacco cell but needs a helper virus, tobacco necrosis virus, to supply the functions it does not encode. The RNA genome of the satellite virus has only 1120 nucleotides, which code for the viral coat protein of 195 amino acids but no other protein. With this minimal genome the satellite viruses are obligate parasites of the viruses that parasitize cells. 

Tabak, m. tobacco, -asche, /. tobacco ashes, auszug, m. tobacco extract, -bau, m. tobacco cultivation, -beize, /. sauce (for tobacco). -blatt, n. tobacco leaf, tabakbraun, a. tobacco-brown. 

Gazaryan LA. Lagrimini L.M. (1996) Purification and unusual kinetic properties of a tobacco anionic peroxidases // Phytochemistry. V. 41. P. 1029-1034. 

CYP2A6 [polymorphisms] (MIM 122720) Impaired metabolism of nicotine, resulting in protection against becoming a tobacco-dependent smoker... 

CHUNG F L (1999) The prevention of lung cancer induced by a tobacco-specific carcinogen in rodents by green and black tea , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 220 (4), 244-8. 

We thank Dr. T.C. Tso of the U.S.D.A. Tobacco Laboratory, Beltsville, MD for valuable advice and suggestions and for supplying experimental cigarettes. We would also like to thank Mrs. Use Hoffmann and Mrs. Constance Hickey for their editorial assistance. 

Cardiovascular Keep doses of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids low, consider initiation of folic acid to reduce homocysteine level elevations induced by methotrexate, consider initiation of low-dose aspirin and/or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), and encourage smokers to discontinue tobacco use and assist with the development of a tobacco-cessation plan.11,12... 

Goldman MHS, Seurinck J, Marins M, Goldman GH and Marian C. 1998. A tobacco flower-specific gene encodes a polyphenol oxidase. Plant Mol Biol 36 479-485. 

NSM A Dutch process for making ammonium nitrate, offered by Uhde. Not to be confused with another NSM (New Smoking Material), a tobacco substitute developed by ICI in the 1970s but later abandoned. 

The larvae that hatch from Cotesia eggs remain inside their caterpillar host, exploiting it as a secure haven from the outer world and a convenient food supply. They feed on the caterpillar from within until they are mature and ready to pupate. Then they emerge from its body and immediately begin spinning small white cocoons, which they attach by one end to the caterpillar s back. It is not uncommon for a tobacco hornworm, still alive, to be festooned with fifty or more Cotesia cocoons, each resembling a diminutive grain of rice fastened to the caterpillar. Each cocoon contains... 

Fig. 105. Examples of small disulfide-rich or metal-rich proteins (shown on the right side) compared with their more regular counterparts in other structural categories (shown at the left), (a) Tobacco mosaic virus protein, an up-and-down helix bundle (b) cytochrome bs, a distorted up-and-down helix bundle (c) trypsin domain 1, a Greek key antiparallel /3 barrel (d) high-potential iron protein, a distorted Greek key /3 barrel (e) glutathione reductase domain 3, an open-face sandwich fi sheet (f) ferredoxin, a distorted open-face sandwich f) sheet.

Arazi, T., Sunkar, R., Kaplan, B. and Fromm, FI., 1999, A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulin-binding transporter confers Ni tolerance and Pb " h)fpersensitivity in transgenic plants, 20 171-182. 

Su T, Bao Z, Zhang QY, Smith TJ, Hong JY, et al. 2000. Human cytochrome P450 CYP2A13 predominant expression in the respiratory tract and its high efficiency metabolic activation of a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone. Cancer Res 60 5074-5079. 

Uses. Polyester resins use up about 60% of the propylene glycol (and most of the dipropylene glycol) manufactured. The remainder is used as a tobacco and cosmetic humectant. (a chemical that keeps moisture around), automotive antifreeze and brake fluid ingredients, food additive, and plasticizers for various resins, and making nonionic detergents and coatings. Propylene glycol is an excellent solvent. 

Dhumti is made by rolling a tobacco leaf in the leaf of another plant, forming a conical, cigar-like stick. These are more popular than factory cigarettes in Goa. 

Tobacco use is primarily due to psychopharmacological effects of nicotine (Henningfleld et al. 2006). Nicotine is a tobacco alkaloid, a basic substance that contains a cychc nitrogenous nucleus. In Nicotiana plants, most alkaloids are 3-pyridyl derivatives In cured leaf of Maryland Robinson Medium Broadleaf, 24 pyridine derivatives were identified, including nicotine, nomicotine, anabasine, oxynicotine, myosmine, 3-acetylpyridine, 2,3 -dipyridyl, iticotinamide, anatabine, nicotinic acid, and unidentified pyridine alkaloids of derivatives thereof (Tso 1990). Nicotine is the principal alkaloid in commercial tobacco (this was confirmed in 34 out of 65 Nicotiana species) nomicotine, rather than nicotine, appears to be the main alkaloid in 19 out of 65 species and anabasine is the third most important. In addition to the above-mentioned principal and minor alkaloids, the presence of many trace amounts of new alkaloids or their derivatives were frequently reported, including, for example, 2.4 -dipyridyl, 4,4 -dipyridyl, N -formylanabasine, A -formylanatabine, N -acetylanatabine, N -hexanoyl-nomicotine, N -octanoyl-nomicotine, T-(6-hydroxyoctanoyl) nomicotine, and l -(7-hydroxyoctanoyl) nor-nicotine. 

Larkin injected several peroxidases at 0.1-10 ppm into one-half of a tobacco leaf and found some protection. He suggested that peroxidase, which is often associated with plant stress conditions, may be important in physiologic resistance. It is doubtful that any one mechanism of action exists. It is important that we understand the mechanism of ozone injury and resistance in plants, so that we can determine better what chemicals may play a role in protecting plants against oxidants. 

An estimated 71.5 million Americans (30.4 percent of the population aged 12 or older) reported current use (past month use) of a tobacco product in 2002. 

Stols, L., Gu, M., Dieckman, L., Raffen, R., CoUart, F. R. and Donnelly, M. 1. (2002). Anew vector for high-throughput, ligation-independent cloning encoding a tobacco etch virus protease cleavage site. Protein Expr. Purif. 25, 8-15. 

Crowfoot, D. and Schmidt, G. M. J. (1945). X-ray crystallographic measurements on a single crystal of a tobacco necrosis virus derivative. Nature 155,504-505. 

NT009 Wu, L., L. Jiang, Z. Zhou, et al. Expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus epitopes in tobacco by a tobacco mosaic virus-based vector. Vaccine 2003 21(27-30) 4390-4398. 

White, J. F. Foley, R. R. Maronpot, and NT108 M. W. Anderson. Role of Clara cells and type II cells in the development of pulmonary tumors in rats and mice following exposure to a tobacco-specific nitrosamine. Exp Lung Res 1991 ... 

NTl79 Hirota, N. Intranuclear rodlets in undifferentiated carcinomas of salivary glands in strain A mice in a study involving a tobacco specific nitrosamine, N-nitrosonornicotine. Cancer Lett 1979 6(6) 365-369. 

NT296 Pour, P. M., and A. Rivenson. induction of a mixed ductal-squamous-islet cell carcinoma in a rat treated with a tobacco-specific carcinogen. Am J Pathol 1989 134(3) 627-631. 

Koseki, Y., Y. Tanabe, S. Kubo, and M. Noma. New diterpene from Nicotiana tabacum and its use as a tobacco flavorant. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-62 148,439 1987 3 pp. 

Tobacco chemistry. 58. 7,8-Epoxy-4-basmen-6-one, a tobacco diterpenoid having a novel skeleton. Tetrahedron Lett 1983 24(8) 843-846. 

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