A-Phytosterol

N.A. Phytosterols, (3-sitosterol, stigmasterol, mannitol, rehmannin." Preventing poisoning and liver damage. Treat blood pressure, fever. 

The concentration of fats and related substances in molasses is low analytical values depend on the extracting solvent.126 These tenaciously retained materials can be removed by fractionation of blackstrap on fuller s earth clay.70 Chromatography on a calcium silicate of the fat fraction of Cuban molasses led to the isolation of melissyl alcohol, a phytosterol fraction, chlorophyll a and a fat fraction containing a glyceride of linoleic acid.70 Stigmasterol and syringic acid are reported as ether-extractable constituents of molasses.127... 

Weststrate, J.A. et al., Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Rart 4. Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem. Toxicol, 37, 1063, 1999. 

A positive effect of phytosterols from taU oil phytosterols showed a dramatic protection against atherosclerosis in mice (101). Mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet containing a phytosterol mixture exhibited reduced plasma cholesterol levels and decreased formation of atherosclerotic lesions. In humans, phytosterol treatment resulted in an average of 10% reduction of total cholesterol and a 13% reduction in LDL-c (102). 

The common pumpkin seed has been extensively studied for its beneficial effect on prostate health. Seed extracts inhibit 5-alpha-reductase conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. The mechanism of action seems to be different from that of saw palmetto, nettle root, or pygeum. Researchers speculate that betasitosterol (a phytosterol) competes with androgens, thus decreasing esposure of the prostate to hormonal stimulation. Eating pumpkin seeds (1 to 2 ounces per day) or taking gel capsules (2 to 4 per day) has shown benefits in reducing inflammation and other prostatic symptoms. 

It is a relatively recent observation that Colchicum species contain numerous chemical constituents of diverse chemical properties. Recognition of this fact has led to more efficient methods of isolation. In addition to neutral, phenolic, and basic alkaloids, 0. autumnale contains fatlike substances which are removed by a preliminary ligroin extraction of the pulverized, dry material. From such an extraction of the flowers of C. autumnale, Santavy and Herout (293) have isolated a paraffin, Ca7-28H5g 58, m.p. 58-60° an alcohol, CaaH450H, m.p. 66-67° and a phytosterol, m.p. 139-140°. Benzoic, salicylic, and 2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzoic acids may be separated from the alkaloid mixture by virtue of their solubility in ether and aqueous base (294). The alkaloids themselves may be separated into neutral, phenolic, or basic fractions by standard extraction techniques. Pure alkaloids may be obtained from each fraction by fractional crystallization and chromatography on... 

In the past, different authors had different views on the classification of alcohols in tobacco and tobacco smoke. In onr catalog, we employ a system different from those used by our forerunners. In 1954, Kosak (2170), in his smoke component compilation, listed seven alcohols four alcohols (methanol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol) and three phenols (phenol, phenols, and catechol). He did not list either levoglucosan or a phytosterol as an alcohol but listed both as miscellaneous smoke components. In 1959, Johnstone and Plimmer (1971) listed thirteen alcohols plus five phytosterols identified in tobacco and/or smoke. 

From a precursor spiking experiment involving addition to tobacco of aliphatic tobacco hydrocarbons, a phytosterol (P-sitosterol), or solanesol, it was noted that the increase in the chrysene yield in the CSC was much more pronounced with phytosterol-treated tobacco than with aliphatic hydrocarbon-or solanesol-treated tobacco (3251, 3269, 3291). Doubling the levels of solanesol, aliphatic tobacco hydrocarbons, and phytosterols by addition of each to a control tobacco blend resulted in increases in the B[a]P yields in the mainstream CSCs of 13%, 13%, and 16%, respectively. However, the chrysene yields were increased by 16%, 28%, and 183%, respectively. Tripling the addition levels increased the B[a]P levels in the mainstream CSCs by 18%, 20%, and 28%, respectively, and the chrysene levels by 22%, 50%, and 239%, respectively. 

Vitamin D is considered a hormone-like compound. Ergosterol is a vitamin D2 precursor, a phytosterol that occurs mainly in plants. Ergocalciferol results from UV irradiation of ergosterol (Eigure 7.2). 

Hicks, K.B. and Moreau, R.A., Phytosterols and phytostanols Functional food cholesterol busters. Food TechnoL, 55, 63-67, 2001. 

P,6a-diol, a phytosterol (see Sterols), M, 416.69, m.p. 173 °C, [a]o +72° (CHCI3), from the cacti, Penio-cerius fosteriunus and P. macdougalli. It is a tetracyclic triterpene with a 3031-hisdemethyllanostane ring system, and it is intermediate in structure between la-nosterol and those sterols derived from lanosterol. 

Kaneko E, Matsuda M, Yamada Y, Tachibana Y, Shimomura I, Makishima M (2003) Inductirm of intestinal ATP-binding cassette transporters by a phytosterol-deiived liver X leceptOT agonist J Biol Chem 278(38) 36091-36098. doi 10.1074/jbc. M304153200... 

Calpe-Btadiel L, Escola-Gil JC, Ribas V, Navarro-Sastre A, Garces-Garces J, Blanco-Vaca F (2005) Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-emiched diet Athtaosclerosis 181(l) 75-85. doi 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.025... 

Calpe-Berdiel Escola-Gil JC, Julve J, Zapico-Muniz E, Canals F, Blanco-Vaca F (2007) Differential intestinal mucosal protein expression in hypercholesterolemia mice fed a phytosterol-enriched diet. Proteomics 7(15) 2659-2666. doi 10.1002/pmic.200600792... 

We have recently demonstrated the existence in a microsomal prepai ation from maize seedlings of an enzyme catalyzing the NADPH dependent reduction of the A -bond of A -sterol precursors to produce the final A -sterols, i.e. A -SR, thus providing the first direct evidence for the participation of A -sterols in A -phytosterols biosynthesis [1] (Figure 1). 

Hicks, B. Moreau, R.A. Phytosterols and phy-tostanols Functional Food Cholesterol Busters. Food Technol. 55, 62 (2001)... 

The composition of major sterols found in several vegetable oils is shown in Table 3.41. The total content of phytosterols in vegetable oils is given in Table 3.42. Usually, vegetable oils contain a mixture of phytosterols and related compounds, which are characteristic of a particular oh. Cholesterol is also a phytosterol as it is found in many vegetable oils, but is usually present at very low levels that have no practical importance in the nutritional balance. Vegetable oils also contain numerous 4,4-dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols in small quantities. The contents of these compounds and other steroids in maize oil are given in Table 3.43 as an example. 

From the results of these studies, it has been possible to develop a phytosterol preparation that may be used as a component of daily meals to lower blood cholesterol levels without requiring alterations in daily dietary habits. A DAG-rich oil containing added phytosterols, called Healthy Econa Cooking Oil (manufactured by Kao Corp), has been on the market in Japan since 2001 as a FOSHU approved by the Ministry of Public Health and Welfare. It is now sold under two major sub-brand names, one carrying a label claim that it is less likely to become body fat , and the other having the double claim that it is less likely to become body fat and lowers blood cholesterol levels . 

Gabay, O., Sanchez, C., Salvat, C., Chevy, E, Breton, M., Nourissat, G., et al., 2010. Stigmasterol a phytosterol with potential anti-osteoarthritic properties. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (1), 106-116. 

Yue X, Chen X, Li QT (2012) Comparison of aggregation behaviors of a phytosterol ethoxyl-ate surfactant in protic rmd aprotic ionic Uquids. J Phys Chem B 116(31) 9439-9444. doi 10.1021/jp305230r... 

---