Smoke components

A somewhat related situation can be used to explain the well-publicized lung-cancer inducing effects of P-carotene in heavy smokers. This subpopulation will have low vitamin C levels and hence damage due to smoke components, such as N02 can produce P-CAR which will reach the lung and initiate damage. In nonsmokers, the vitamin C (or other water-soluble antioxidant) is likely to be present in sufficient concentration to preclude this damaging process. Indeed, this speculation has been promoted by the American Chemical Society as the subject of a press release in 1997 (Bohm et al. 1997). 

Cueto, R. and Pryor, W.A. 1994. Cigarette smoke chemistry conversion of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide and reactions of nitrogen oxides with other smoke components as studied by fourier transform infrared... 

Because many materials release HCN when burned, the combined toxicity of HCN and smoke components—carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide—have been studied. Combination experiments with fire gases showed... 

NTl 64 Sonnenfeld, G. Effect of sidestream tobacco smoke components on alpha/ beta interferon production. Oncology 1983 40(1) 52-56. 

Salvaggio. Immunogenicity of tobacco smoke components in rabbits and mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1980 62(1) 16-22. 

Brutmeman, K.D., Cox, J.E. Kagan, M.R. (1991) Analysis of selected environmental tobacco smoke components in indoor air by thermal absorption-GC-MS. Proc. CORESTA 1990 (cited in Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1992)... 

The only available information regarding lethal effects in humans after inhalation exposure to acrolein was provided by Gosselin et al. (1979), who described a case of a 4-year-old boy exposed to smoke containing acrolein from an overheated fryer for 2 hours the boy s 2-year-old brother also died however, no details were reported. After 24 hours, death occurred by asphyxia. The autopsy revealed massive cellular desquamation of the bronchial lining and miscellaneous debris in the bronchial lumen. Also, multiple pulmonary infarcts were observed. The information provided by this case report must be considered qualitative only, since smoke components other than acrolein may have contributed to the pathology. 

Aerts C, Tonnel AB, Dutriez N, et al. 1979. In vitro sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to gaseous tobacco smoke components. Colloq-lnst Natl Sante Rech Red 84 177-185. 

Bridges RB, Kraal JH, Huang L JT, et al. 1977. Effects of cigarette smoke components on in vitro chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infec Immun 16 240-248. 

Jakab GJ. 1977. Adverse effect of a cigarette smoke component, acrolein, on pulmonary antibacterial defenses and on viral-bacterial interactions in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 115 33-38. 

Leffingwell CM, Low RB. 1979. Cigaret smoke components and alveolar macrophage protein synthesis. Arch Environ Health 34 97-102. 

Low ES, Low RB, Green GM. 1977. Correlated effects of cigarette smoke components on alveolar macrophage adenosine triphosphatase activity and phagocytosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 115 963-970. 

Rylander R. 1973. Toxicity of cigarette smoke components. Free lung cell response in acute exposures. Am Rev Resp Dis 108 1279-1282. 

In view of these problems, the fits to the compositions of the fine fractions are quite good. Only about 80% of the mass is explained, nearly all of it as regional sulfate, but this is typical for fits to fine fractions. The missing mass is probably condensed water and carbonaceous material, nitrates, etc. Potassium is seriously underpredicted, partly because we included no wood-smoke component. The latter would account for residual K, but little else. Several elements, including Cr, Co and Cd may have sources not included in the CMBs, or the components used may be deficient in these elements. 

Pyrolysis studies of the leaf of Nicotiana tabacum received significant interest due to its use in cigarette manufacturing. A variety of pyrolysis studies on this subject were reported [37-42], Some of these were oriented toward tobacco leaf characterization. Other studies were done to understand the origin of certain smoke components. Some... 

A chromatogram of vapor phase smoke components from a non-commercial reference cigarette (Kentucky 1R4F) [56] is shown in Figure 16.2.1. The chromatogram does not show the peaks for CO, CO2, HjO, CH4, and C2H6 that are present in smoke. 

Table 16.2.5. FID area counts (normalized) of selected vapor phase smoke components for a 1R4F cigarette. The tentative source of each compound is also indicated. (Ps indicates polysaccharides SM indicates small molecules.)...

As seen in Tables 16.2.5, 16.2.6, and 16.2.7, many compounds in tobacco smoke are generated from the small molecules. However, polymeric material plays an important role in smoke composition. Carbohydrates, including amidated pectins, Maillard polymers, and proteins, all generate smoke components with important roles in smoke sensorial properties. 

Adjustments of the smoke components in the aqueous phase, either through dilution or concentration, can be made to develop a smoke flavour for specific applications. This may include the design of flavourings to be transferred to a functional base material or carrier. 

In developing optimum concentrations of smoke components needed for colour development on a specific product, it is first necessary to run a series of small-scale tests with the selected smoke flavouring to be used for a specific product. In performing the tests, consideration should be given to length of dip time and smoke component concentration as both can affect colour intensity. Once the concentration of components in millilitres per kilogram (ml/kg) of product is established, they can be scaled up to production levels. 

During production runs, it is necessary to maintain consistent smoke component concentrations in the drench solutions. This is generally accomplished through the add back system. In developing the amount of add back smoke to use one should multiply the amount of smoke required for a specific product in ml/kg by the kg/h of the product being processed and divide this by 1000. This will give the approximate number of litres of smoke being used per hour ... 

In preparing the add back solution, one should adjust the smoke flavour component concentration to twice the amount found being used per hour. The add back solution should be used at the rate of approximately twice the normal usage rate found per hour. Add back should be followed up by laboratory analysis for smoke component concentrations. Hourly samples should be taken from the drench solution during a production run for at least the first day or two in order to fine tune the system as to the exact amount of add back needed to maintain a consistent colour. 

Carr LA, Basham JK, York BE, et al. 1992. Inhibition of uptake of l-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion and dopamine in striatal synaptosomes by tobacco smoke components. Eur J Pharmacol 215 285-287. 

In his catalog of tobacco smoke components reported in early 1954, Kosak (2170) listed hentriacontane as the only alkane identihed in tobacco smoke. Snbseqnently, nnmerons investigations resnlted in the identihcation of a great nnmber of alkanes in tobacco and tobacco smoke. 

Although Zeise (4406) and Kissling (2100, 2102) reported the isolation of alkane-like components from tobacco and tobacco smoke, Kosak (2170) in his catalog of smoke components classified their data as inconclusive. However, the... 

In its review of smoke composition and the relationship between smoke components and health, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC 1870) devoted very little space to the volatile acyclic hydrocarbons and just two paragraphs to the nonvolatile members of this compound group. 

Among the alkenes listed as tobacco smoke components are several series of isomeric isoprenoid compounds, including the phytadienes (3247), the solanesenes (3297), and the squalenes (2175, 3297, 4033), plus several homologous series of monoalkenes (1144). 

Dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene (alloocimene) was reported by Wynder and Hoffmann (4316) as a significant tobacco smoke component (0.5% of CSC) with cocarcinogenic activity. However, Mold et al. (2597) presented contradictory data which indicated that if 2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene were present in smoke, its level was less than 0.006%. 

Periodically, tobacco researchers have reported the progress on the identification of tobacco and smoke components. Review articles by Johnstone and Plimmer (1971) and Izawa (1900) detailed the tobacco and smoke research conducted... 

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