Liver global

Calpe-Btadiel L, Escola-Gil JC, Ribas V, Navarro-Sastre A, Garces-Garces J, Blanco-Vaca F (2005) Changes in intestinal and liver global gene expression in response to a phytosterol-emiched diet Athtaosclerosis 181(l) 75-85. doi 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.11.025... 

Chang T, Hughes-Fulford (2009) Monolayer and spheroid culture of human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line cells demonstrate distinct global gene expression patterns and functional phenotypes. Tissue Eng Part A 15 559-567... 

Chronic forms of hepatitis (in particular B, C and D) can result in liver cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. This occurs in up to 20 per cent of chronic hepatitis B sufferers and in up to 30 per cent of chronic hepatitis C sufferers. The scale of human suffering caused by hepatitis on a worldwide basis is enormous. Approximately 5 per cent of the global population suffer from chronic hepatitis B. An estimated 50 million new infections occur each year. Over 1.5 million of the 300 million carriers worldwide die annually from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. 

Past chlordane use, coupled with atmospheric transport as the major route of dissemination, produced global contamination of fish and wildlife resources and human populations. The chemical and its metabolites were frequently detected in all species examined, but usually at low concentrations. Residues in fish muscle sometimes exceeded the U.S. Food and Drug Administration action level of 0.3 mg/kg fresh weight recommended for human health protection. In general, chlordane in animals is highest near areas where the chemical has been applied to control termites concentrations are highest in fat and liver, especially in predatory species. 

When comparing the behavior of various esters of propranolol (8.72, R = H) in rat and dog plasma, liver microsomes and liver cytosol, the global trend emerged that the rates of hydrolysis decreased in the series linear alkanoates > cycloalkanoates > branched alkanoates [118][119]. Such an observation may be of interest to prodrug designers since it affords a continuum of foreseeable rates of activation. Furthermore, a clear substrate enantiose-lectivity was seen, in that hydrolysis of the (R)-propranolol esters was consistently faster than that of their antipodes. The same was true in mouse skin. 

Fig. 2. Possibilities for parametric imaging using dynamic PET data obtained from an FDG examination. The cross-section of the liver demonstrates two metastases from a patient with a breast carcinoma. The parametric images demonstrate that in this case the global FDG uptake is mainly related to an enhanced intracellular phosphorylation of the tracer and less dependent on the transport of FDG into the cells upper row SUV image (SUV), fractal dimension (FD) second row SUV image (SUV), k3-weighted image (k3w), and distribution volume (DV), calculated using a non-compartment...

The concentrations of uranium in human blood from New York City donors averaged 0.14 mg U/kg in both whole blood and red cells, compared to values ranging from <0.04 to 86 mg U/kg globally (Fiseime and Perry 1985). The median concentrations of uranium in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and vertebra from... 

Besides beginning with a nonrenewable chemical feedstock, adipic acid synthesis has other problems. The use of benzene, a carcinogen and liver toxin, is undesirable, especially in a large-scale reaction. Moreover, oxidation with HNO3 in Step [3] produces N2O as a by-product. N2O depletes ozone in the stratosphere in much the same way as the CFCs discussed in Chapter 15. In addition, N2O also absorbs thermal energy from the earth s surface like CO2, and may therefore contribute to global warming, as discussed in Section 4.14. 

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