Heparin A

Like VEGF165, native VEGF is a heparin-binding homodimeric glycoprotein of 45 kDa. In contrast, VEGFi2i lacks heparin-binding properties. VEGF i89... 

Into an intermittent venous access device called a heparin lock (a small IV catheter in the patient s vein connected to a small fluid reservoir with a rubber cap through which the needle is inserted to administer the drug)... 

Micro emulsions based on a heparin-chitosan complex suitable for oral administration based on ingredients acceptable to humans were studied with or without biologically active ingredients. Appropriate mixing and modifications of these microemulsions lead to nanometer-sized heparin-chitosan complexes [108]. 

Sobel M, Soler DF, Kermode JC, Harris RB. Localization and characterization of a heparin binding domain peptide of human von Willebrand factor. J Biol Chem 1992 267 8857-8862. 

Our method for NMOR determination. The following procedure (carried out in a single day) was developed for blood, stomach contents, the homogenized whole mouse, and diet [(a standard semisynthetic diet prepared as in (9)]. After the rats were killed with C0 , we collected the blood (with a heparinized syringe from the heart) and the entire stomach contents. The whole mouse was frozen in liquid N2 and homogenized as in (2) ... 

Most of the common methods of isolation of heparin (described in sufficient detail in monographs128-30) are based on a procedure, developed by Charles and Scott,31 involving autolysis of the tissue (originally beef liver and beef lung), extraction with alkali, coagulation of proteins by heating, and precipitation of a heparin - protein complex by acidification. Heparin is recovered from the complex by reprecipitation with ethanol, or acetone, or both. Fats are removed by extraction with ethanol, and proteins by treatment with trypsin. Modifications of this proce-... 

The final yield and purity of a heparin preparation depend largely on the use of appropriate, analytical methods at different stages of extraction and purification. Heparin in tissue extracts is still most commonly determined biologically, by such assays as the U.S.P. assay for anticoagulant activity. It is now recognized10 that the anticoagulant activity does not measure the actual concentration of heparin (see also Sections XII and XIII). 

Fig. 5. —Tentative Model for a Heparin Chain Containing the Linkage Region. [1 and 2 are sites of cleavage with 2-pyridone, affording fragments A and B A may be further cleaved by a more drastic treatment. The active site for antithrombin is proposed - 8 to be within fragment A. ...

A heparin-chain segment longer than its minimal binding site (the pentasaccharide 12) is necessary for enhancing the antithrombin-me-... 

Spurious results can also be obtained as a result of zinc ion contamination, with lower levels (10 mg/L) abolishing the effect of heparin on the APTT result by producing a normal APTT result for a heparinized sample. At higher zinc levels (100 mg/L) the APTT results obtained for both heparinized and nonheparinized samples are increased, thus confounding the clinical picture (100). Zinc ion contamination between 30 and 100 mg/L can also artifactually increase the PT value (100). 

Rhena-/3-ketoimine derivatives of several selected 2-ethylamino compounds have been prepared (36). These amines include 2-chloroethyl-amine (a DNA-alkylating reagent), cystamine ( a heparin antagonist), histamine (a potent vasodilator), tryptamine and O-methylserotonin (two indole alkaloids), and 0,0-dimethyldopamine (an adrenergic drug derivative). 

Soon after the initial development of the heparin sensor, an electrode for the detection of the polycation protamine was proposed [38] based on a polymeric membrane doped with the cation exchanger tetrakis-(4-chlorophenyl)borate. Protamine is a polypeptide and usually administered as a heparin antidote. Protamine is a polycation with an average charge of +20 and is rich in arginine (Fig. 4.8). The response function of protamine-selective electrodes is similar to the heparin response function (Fig. 4.9b). 

Another important bioanalytical application of voltammetric ISEs is the detection of polyions (see also above). A technique using cyclic voltammetry on micropipette electrodes filled with the organic electrolyte solutions in 1,2-dichloroethane was successfully applied for the detection of protamine [65] in saline solution and heparin in undiluted sheep plasma samples [66]. Protamine transport was facilitated with dino-nylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (DNNS). As a heparin-selective component the tetrakis-(4-chlorophenyl)borate salt of trimethyloctadecyl ammonium was used. 

A 60-year-old female with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is given a bolus of heparin, and a heparin drip is also started. Thirty minutes later, she is bleeding profusely from the intravenous site. The heparin is stopped, but the bleeding continues. You decide to give protamine to reverse the adverse effect of heparin. I low does protamine act ... 

Hung, S.I., et al. Transient expression of Yml, a heparin-binding lectin, during developmental hematopoiesis and inflammation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 72, 72, 2002. 

A heparin dose of 120 units/kg of body weight has been recommended for a patient undergoing certain type of surgery. How many mL of an injection containing 5000 heparin units/mL should be administered to a 220-lb patient ... 

For children, heparin sodium is administered by intermittent IV infusion in a range of 60 to 80 units/kg of body weight every four hour. For a 57-lb child, calculate the range, in mL, of a heparin sodium injection containing 5000 units/mL to be administered daily. 

Randy Karl of MDS Pharma Services in Lincoln, Nebraska, examines a centrifuge tube containing a heparinized plasma sample prior to performing an extraction procedure using ethyl acetate. 

Folkman J, Langer R, Linhardt RJ, Haudenschild C, Taylor S (1983) Angiogenesis inhibition and tumor regression caused by heparin or a heparin fragment in the presence of cortisone. Science 221 719-725. 

Collect 3 mL of blood in a heparinized blood collection tube and cool. 

Where a device incorporates, as an integral part, a substance which, if used separately, may be considered to be a medicinal product and which is liable to act upon the body with action ancillary to that of the device (e.g. a heparin-coated catheter), the product is classed as a medical device. However, the medicinal product is to be assessed in accordance with the requirements of Directive 75/318/EEC (replaced by 2001/83/EC and updated by 2003/63/EC). A notified body undertaking conformity assessment on a medical device which incorporates a medicinal substance having ancillary action has a responsibility to consult a national medicines agency about the medicinal substance, to verify its safety, quality and usefulness by analogy with the appropriate methods specified in Directive 75/318/EEC. 

Mast Cells and Basophils. The chief sites of histamine storage are mast cells in the tissues and basophils in blood. These cells synthesize histamine and store it in secretory granules along with a heparin-protein complex. In response to specific antigens, mast cells or basophils are sensitized. Histamine is then secreted from the storage granules. Besides the histamine stores in mast cells and basophils, there is evidence of non-mast cell histamine in some tissues, particularly gastric and intestinal mucosa (60). 

K5. Kom, E. D., Clearing factor, a heparin-activated lipoprotein lipase. II. Substrate specificity and activation of coconut oil. J. Biol. Chem. 215, 15-26 (1955). 

Clearing intermittent infusion (heparin lock) sets To prevent clot formation in a heparin lock set, inject dilute heparin solution (heparin lock flush solution, USP or a 10 to 100 units/mL heparin solution) via the injection hub in a quantity sufficient to fill the entire set to the needle tip. Replace this solution each time the heparin lock is... 

NHH Heegaard. A heparin-binding peptide from human serum amiloid P component characterized by affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 19 442-447, 1998. 

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