Zinc-lead smelter

Glowiak, B., Zwozdiak, A. Zwozdiak, J. 1979. Studies of atmospheric pollution contributed by air-bome copper and zinc particulates around a copper smelter. Enciron. Protecting Enginiring 5 145-154. Harrison, R.M., Williams, C.R. 1983. Physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric trace metal emissions from a primary zinc-lead smelter. Sci. Total Environ 31 129-140. 

Smith and co-workers [28] report on the effluent treatment for a zinc-lead smelter in the New South Wales, Australia. Treatment was by precipitation using a multi-stage addition of 15% w/v lime slurry to give pH 8.9 resulting in the typical final effluent concentrations shown in Table 6.8. It was necessary, however, to upgrade the system in order to meet stricter requirements. 

Mg. 6.8 Precipitation treatment of wastewater from a zinc-lead smelter, [28]. 

Primary lead smelters Primary zinc smelters... 

Cadmium By-product of zinc and lead smelters Cadmium, cadmium oxide Baghouses... 

Ostrowski, S.R., E.W. Gunter, and T.D. Matte. 1990. Blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels in donkeys and mules near a secondary lead smelter in Jamaica, 1987-88. Veterin. Human Toxicol. 32 53-56. 

Ward, T.J., R.L. Correll, and R.B. Anderson. 1986. Distribution of cadmium, lead and zinc amongst the marine sediments, sea grasses and fauna, and the selection of sentinel accumulators, near a lead smelter in South Australia. Austral. Jour. Mar. Freshwater Res. 37 567-585. 

If the low rade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc. Silver and lead are left in leach residues. Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters. Silver is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above. 

Results For the St. Louis data, the target transformation analysis results for the fine fraction without July Uth and 5th are given in table 6. The presence of a motor vehicle source, a sulfur source, a soil or flyash source, a titanium source, and a zinc source are indicated. The sulfur, titanium and zinc factors were determined from the simple initial test vectors for those elements. The concentration of sulfur was not related to any other elements and represents a secondary sulfate aerosol resulting from the conversion of primary sulfur oxide emissions. Titanium was found to be associated with sulfur, calcium, iron, and barium. Rheingrover ( jt) identified the source of titanium as a paint-pigment factory located to the south of station 112. The zinc factor, associated with the elements chlorine, potassium, iron and lead, is attributed to refuse incinerator emissions. This factor could also represent particles from zinc and/or lead smelters, though a high chlorine concentration is usually associated with particles from refuse incinerators ( ). The sulfur concentration in the refined sulfate factor is consistent with that of ammonium sulfate. The calculated lead concentration in the motor vehicle factor of ten percent and a lead to bromine ratio of about 0.28 are typical of values reported in the literature (25). The concentration of lead in... 

Jackson, T.A. and Bistricki, T. (1995) Selective scavenging of copper, zinc, lead, and arsenic by iron and manganese oxyhydroxide coatings on plankton in lakes polluted with mine and smelter wastes results of energy dispersive X-ray micro- analysis. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 52(1-2), 97-125. 

Cadmium is found in low concentrations in most soils and waters. It is produced as a by-product of zinc and lead mining and smeltering. Industrial use of cadmium has led to a dramatic increase in environmental problems caused by this element. Cadmium is used in semiconductors, nickel-cadmium batteries, electroplating, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing, and control rods for nuclear reactors. The most important sources for aquatic contamination are active and inactive lead-zinc mines, land application of sewage sludge, zinc-cadmium smelters, effluents from plastic and steel production, and wastewaters from the production of nickel-cadmium batteries and electroplating (Zuiderveen, 1994). 

Standards of Performance for Secondary Emissions From Basic Oxygen Process Steelmaking Facilities for Which Construction Is Commenced After January 20, 1983 Standards of Performance for Sewage Treatment Plants Standards of Performance for Primary Copper Smelters Standards of Performance for Primary Zinc Smelters Standards of Performance for Primary Lead Smelters Standards of Performance for Primary Aluminum Reduction Plants... 

Derivation By-product of operations on copper, zinc, lead, or gold ores, but some smelters still operate on native silver. The recovery ranges from 166 ounces to a few thousandths of an ounce per ton. 

The presence of chlorides from the PVC separators in the battery posed significant problems with the larger, integrated lead smelters who recovered other metals such as silver, copper, and zinc. Chlorides have serious implications for the recovery of these other elements. They reduce the life of the refractory lining of the furnace and affect the sinter quality. These difficulties have largely abated with the shift to polyethylene separators. 

Nevertheless, both hazardous and inert residues are solid wastes and require landfill. Dumping solid waste to landfill, even non-hazardous clean wastes, is not sustainable and is not entirely green . An ideal green technology is one that consumes all materials involved in the production process to produce only re-useable or new products, without generating solid waste that requires disposal to landfill. Such smelters can be found in Trail, British Columbia, Canada at the Cominco lead and zinc primary smelter and in Malaysia in Kuala Lmnpur at the Metal Reclamation primary and secondary lead smelter [21]. 

The city of Veles, with its geographical position, atmospheric characteristics, urban and industrial concentration, and its improperly located the Lead and Zinc Smelter Plant upstream to the north wind opposite to the Wind Rose (north wind is dominant and dispersion of pollutants is going directly to the city), multiplied by inconvenient climate-meteorological, hydro-topographic factors has a huge and continuous air pollution problem. The Lead Smelter Plant, built in Veles in 1973, is located on the north of the city only 200-300 m away from first households. 

Pilgrim W and Hughes RN (1994) Lead, cadmium, arsenic and zinc in the ecosystem surrounding a lead smelter. Environ Monit Assess 32 1-20. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation (incineration of municipal waste materials, zinc, lead or copper smelters, cigarette smoke) ingestion (contaminated food or water from the application of phosphate fertilizers. 

EXPOSURE ROUTES found in air and all living organisms people living within 12 miles of copper, zinc, and lead smelters may be exposed to 10 times the USA avg. atmospheric levels 40,000 people living near some copper smelters may be exposed 100 times the national atmospheric avg. inhalation and ingestion of dust and fumes... 

Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, iron, and zinc, in their metallic state, corrode and form salts and bases, which take up cationic sites on soil particles. In some cases, land is often contaminated from the spillage of heavy metal ions directly from aqueous plating shop wastes or airborne pollution from metal smelters. Soil has the capacity to immobilize signihcant quantities of heavy metal ions, to the 2%-3% level in some cases, such as the top soil around lead smelters. 

Blanusa M, Ivicic N, Simeon V. 1990. Lead, iron, copper, zinc and ash in deciduous teeth in relation to age and distance from a lead smelter. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 45 478-485. 

N.D. Schupp, Operations at the Doe Run Company s Herculaneum Primary Lead Smelter, Lead-Zinc 2000. J.E. Dutrizac, J.A. Gonzalez, D.M. Henke, S.E. James and A. Siegmund, Eds., The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Warrendale, PA, U.S.A., 2000. 

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