Trace Metal Emissions

Lee RE Jr, Crish HE, Riley AE, et al. 1975. Concentration and size of trace metal emissions from a power plant, a store plant and a cotton gin. Environmental Science and Technology 9 643-647. 

Aunela, L., Frandsen, F. Hasanen, E. 1998. Trace metal emission from the Estonian oil shale fired power plant. Fuel Processing Technology, 57, 1-24. 

Pacyna, J.M., Munch, J. and Axenfeld, F. (1991) European inventory of trace metal emissions to the atmosphere. In Heavy Metals in the Environment (ed. Vernet, J.R). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Figure 6-4. Trace metal emission rates when burning waste tires...

Figure 6-5. Trace metal emission rate changes when burning waste tires compared to coal.

Two collectors were operated at each site with these paired results statistically screened for potential contamination based on indpendently measured experimental uncertainties. Geographical mapping of rainwater c ncentrations demonstrated a clear enhancement of H, excess SO., and trace metals downwind of the smelter. Principal component analysis revealed the influence of seasalt, crustal material, and a component interpreted to represent smelter S02 and trace metal emissions. 

Recently, information also has become available on trace metal emissions from an oil-fired power plant without a control device (33). Although variations can be expected in emissions from different sources. 

Neiagu JO and Rao SS (1987) Response of lake sediments to changes in trace metal emission from the smelters at Sudbury, Ontario. Environ Pollut 44 3) 211-218. 

As with all atmospheric species, trace metal emissions undergo atmospheric transport and dilution before they reach a particular receptor site. Mathematical models can be constructed based on the fundamentals of atmospheric chemistry and physics that will track the contributions from many emission sources as they undergo atmospheric transport. Indeed, the development of such models will receive considerable attention in this book. In the case of particulate emissions, an alternative is available. It is possible to attack the source contribution identification problem in reverse order, proceeding from measured particulate concentrations at a receptor site backward to the responsible emission sources (see Chapter 24). The unique metals content of the emissions from each source type is viewed as a fingerprint for the presence of material from that source in an ambient aerosol sample. 

Real-world emission rates of in-use motor vehicles (road traffic) can be quantified by measurements in road mnnels. The results reported for particle mass emissions in PMio varied from several mg veh km to some hundred mg veh km , with reduced amounts for the fine particle fraction PM2.5. The particles released mainly consist of EC, OC, soluble ions (NHj, S04 , NOs ) and mineral components (Si, Fe, Ca, Al, Mg). Trace metal emissions (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, V, Zn) contribute usually for less than 1 % of total emissions in all size fractions. Observed particulate vehicle emissions could be attributed to several tailpipe and non-tailpipe sources. The main part of carbon emissions may be contributed to tail-pipe exhaust fraction, whereas the non-carbon emissions are most likely non-exhaust derived components. PMjo emissions are usually dominated by resuspended matter as well as by brake wear, whereas fine particles (PM2.5) are mainly derived from combustion processes. 

Glowiak, B., Zwozdiak, A. Zwozdiak, J. 1979. Studies of atmospheric pollution contributed by air-bome copper and zinc particulates around a copper smelter. Enciron. Protecting Enginiring 5 145-154. Harrison, R.M., Williams, C.R. 1983. Physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric trace metal emissions from a primary zinc-lead smelter. Sci. Total Environ 31 129-140. 

Petroleum coke is, inherently, a low ash fuel however the ash chemistry of petroleum coke remains significant due to issues of slagging and fouling, and trace metal emissions. Bryers [4, 5] has reported general ash characteristics for petroleum cokes as a fiinction of coking method. 

Because BGS employs a wet scrobber, SOj emissicms were not evaluated. Focus was given to NOx emissions, CO and hydrocarbon (THC) emissions, SO3 emissions, and trace metal emissions. NO emissions were of foremost importance. The following regressicm equation was derived to describe the inq)act of petroleum coke on NO emissions ... 

Tillman, David A. 1998. Trace Metal Emissions from Coal Combustion and Gasification. Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation. Wiley Interscience. New York. pp. 4837-4847. 

---