Source flyash

Results For the St. Louis data, the target transformation analysis results for the fine fraction without July Uth and 5th are given in table 6. The presence of a motor vehicle source, a sulfur source, a soil or flyash source, a titanium source, and a zinc source are indicated. The sulfur, titanium and zinc factors were determined from the simple initial test vectors for those elements. The concentration of sulfur was not related to any other elements and represents a secondary sulfate aerosol resulting from the conversion of primary sulfur oxide emissions. Titanium was found to be associated with sulfur, calcium, iron, and barium. Rheingrover ( jt) identified the source of titanium as a paint-pigment factory located to the south of station 112. The zinc factor, associated with the elements chlorine, potassium, iron and lead, is attributed to refuse incinerator emissions. This factor could also represent particles from zinc and/or lead smelters, though a high chlorine concentration is usually associated with particles from refuse incinerators ( ). The sulfur concentration in the refined sulfate factor is consistent with that of ammonium sulfate. The calculated lead concentration in the motor vehicle factor of ten percent and a lead to bromine ratio of about 0.28 are typical of values reported in the literature (25). The concentration of lead in... 

Environmental considerations also were reflected in coal production and consumption statistics, including regional production patterns and economic sector utilization characteristics. Average coal sulfur content, as produced, declined from 2.3% in 1973 to 1.6% in 1980 and 1.3% in 1990. Coal ash content declined similarly, from 13.1% in 1973 to 11.1% in 1980 and 9.9% in 1990. These numbers clearly reflect a trend toward utilization of coal that produces less SO2 and less flyash to capture. Emissions from coal in the 1990s were 14 x 10 t /yr of SO2 and 450 x 10 t /yr of particulates generated by coal combustion at electric utiUties. The total coal combustion emissions from all sources were only slightly higher than the emissions from electric utiUty coal utilization (6). 

The wide range of types of paper products results in a variety of sludges. SoHd wastes result from several sources within the mill, eg, bark, sawdust, dirt, knots, pulpwood rejects, flyash, cinders, slag, and sludges. Sludges often are disposed of in combination with residuals from other sources. Approximately 300 kg of soHd waste per ton of finished product is generated by the pulp and paper industry. 

Flyash is assumed to settle out of the atmosphere close to the source ... 

The waste provides a source of chlorine and of metals. The latter are incorporated into flyash, which carries over to the cooler (250-400°C) post-combustion zone of the incineration system. 

An important example related lo the atmospheric aerosol is the droplet containing dissolved sulfates that form as a result of the oxidation of SO2 in solution. The sulfates may be present a.s sulfuric acid or in a partially neutralized form as ammonium salts or metallic salts from sources such as flyash. The droplet size distribution and chemical composition are determined by a combination of thermodynamic and rate processes. In this section, we consider only equilibrium thermodynamics as it affects the vapor pressure of the drop. 

While petroleum cokes are low in ash, they are typically high in vanadium although this depends upon the source of the crude oil. The nickel and vanadium are found in porphyrin structures and, in combustion systems, can be found in a wide variety of compounds within the flyash. These characteristics dictate the methods for petroleum coke utilization in large utility boilers, industrial boilers, cement kilns, and other combustion systems. 

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