Topographic factor

The following discussion clarifies the effect that topographic factors can have on the transport of pollutants and, consequently, on the design and especially the siting of the stack. 

The city of Veles, with its geographical position, atmospheric characteristics, urban and industrial concentration, and its improperly located the Lead and Zinc Smelter Plant upstream to the north wind opposite to the Wind Rose (north wind is dominant and dispersion of pollutants is going directly to the city), multiplied by inconvenient climate-meteorological, hydro-topographic factors has a huge and continuous air pollution problem. The Lead Smelter Plant, built in Veles in 1973, is located on the north of the city only 200-300 m away from first households. 

Gy=gust response factor for flexible vessels h = height of vessel, ft I = importance factor, see Table 3-1 Iz = the intensity of turbulence at height z Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient from Table 3-3a, dimensionless Kct = topographic factor, use 1.0 unless vessel is located near or on isolated hills. See ASCE for specific requirements M = overturning moment at base, ft-lb Ni,Nh,Nb,Na = calculation factors... 

Vj, = mean hourly wind speed, ft/sec Vzcrit = mean hourly wind speed at % L, ft/sec W = overall weight of vessel, lb w = uniform weight of vessel, Ib/ft Wr = uniform weight of top third of vessel, Ib/ft a, b = topographic factors per ASME STS-1 8= percent critical damping, damping factor jSa = aerodynamic damping value... 

The lifetime of these species in the atmosphere is relatively short and if they were distributed evenly their harmful effects would be minimal. Unfortunately these man-made effluents are usually concentrated in localized areas and their dispersion is limited by both meteorological and topographical factors. Furthermore, synergistic effects mean that the pollutants interact with each other in the presence of sunlight, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide(s), and unburned hydrocarbons lead to photochemical smog, while when sulfur dioxide concentrations become appreciable, sulfur oxide-based smog is formed. 

Kzt = topographic factor, use 1.0 unless vessel is located near or on isolated hills. See ASCE/SEI 7-10 for specific requirements... 

Many important parameters are involved in the slope stability estimation of the TRIGRS model, for example, topographic factors, physical parameters, rainfall intensities. 

Operating Basis 64.82m/sec (145mph) (3 second gust) importance factor 1.15 (safety), 1.0 (non-safety) exposure C topographic factor 1.0... 

Cmtis, A. S. G. and M. Varde 1964. Control of cell behavior Topographical factors. Journal of National Cancer Research Institute 33 15. 

The topographic factor, K, is perhaps one of the most difficult to define, especially in remote locations. In ranote locations in many regions of the world, it would be undesirable to stake out the terrain for many reasons—safety, accessibility, ability to record changes in terrain. Paragraph 6.5.7.2 of ASCE 7-2005... 

If the topographic factor defined in Paragraph 6.5.7 [2] cannot adequately be determined, and if there is no specification, such as from a client, normally it is adequate to be conservative on the Surface Roughness Category and use K = 1.0 in the field. 

Wind force coefficient, Cf = 0.7 Basic wind speed, V = 85mph Importance factor, 1 = 1 Exposure category = C Wind Directionality Factor, Q = 0.95 Topographic Factor, K, = 1.00... 

Unlike the deformation models where the friction scales with the apparent contact area, the adhesion models assume that the friction is proportional to the real area of contact. The direct measurement of the real area of contact is generally impracticable and it is normal to resort to analytical models or computer simulations.Surfaces are invariably rough and the type and scale of the surface topography as well as the deformation characteristics of the solids control the real contact area. Some of the topographical factors were introduced in Section 23.3.1.2 for elastic bodies. At the simplest level the contact area for elastic contacts can be considered as arising from the contact of many spherical asperities of radius with a plane. For one asperity the contact area A is given by ... 

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