Wound Inflammation

Fraxinus ornus (L.) is a small tree belonging to the Oleaceae family widely found in Bulgaria. Its stem bark is used in the Bulgarian folic medicine for treatment of infected wounds, inflammation, arthritis and dysentery [1,2]. However, the claims of the traditional medicine were not scientifically confirmed, the toxicity of the extract was not examined and the chemical composition of the bark was not completely investigated. 

Stramer, B., Wood, W., Gaiko, M. J., Redd, M. J., Jacinto, A., Parkhurst, S. M. and Martin, P. (2005) Live imaging of wound inflammation in Drosophila embryos reveals key roles for small GTPases during in vivo cell migration. /. CellBiol. 168, 567-573. 

ABSTRACT Neutrophil granulocytes play an important role in the human immune defence. One of their weapons against bacteria and fungi is the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) which form in great amounts a biofilm. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) enables the examination of the NET-formation to determine the reaction parameters and to investigate the state of wound inflammation. In this work we analyze the behaviour of neutrophils in vitro and develop an empiric model of the states of NET-formation. This model can be used to develop a wound sensor which monitors the NET-formation caused by an infection in vivo. 

Linsky CB, Rovee DT, Dow T. Effect of dressings on wound inflammation and scar tissue. In Dineen P, Hildick-smith G (eds) The Surgical Wound. Philadelphia, Lea Fibiger, 1981, pp 191-205. 

Despite the universal use of sutures for wound closure, there is a need to utilize adhesives instead, because of their ease of use and the reduced risk of infection. Alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesives have been studied extensively for this use, and a significant amount of research has been performed to evaluate their interaction with living tissue [40,41 J. They have been approved for external use only, because of concerns with the fact that the polymers do not readily biodegrade and can cause inflammation around the area to which it was applied. However, these concerns are reduced for -butyl cyanoacrylate, as compared to the ethyl cyanoacrylate. There is even some evidence that their use as liquid sutures actually reduces the rate of infection around the healing wound or surgical incision [42J. 

Panthenol is frequently used in ointments and solutions for the treatment of burns, anal fissures, and inflammation of the conjunctiva. The vitamin has to be substituted in patients on total parenteral nutrition and in those who regularly undergo dialysis. Hypervitamin-osis has not been observed for doses up to 5 g/d (22). Furthermore, the administration of pantothenic acid leads to improved surgical wound healing due to its antiinflammatory properties. 

The nurse should take and record vital signs. When appropriate, it is important to obtain a description of the signs and symptoms of the infection from the patient or family. The nurse assesses the infected area (when possible) and records finding on the patient s chart. It is important to describe accurately any signs and symptoms related to the patient s infection, such as color and lype of drainage from a wound, pain, redness and inflammation, color of sputum, or presence of an odor. In addition, the nurse should note the patient s general appearance. A culture and sensitivity test is almost always ordered, and the nurse must obtain the results before giving the first dose of penicillin. 

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a randomized epidemiological study on patients who had received morphine nerve paste post-operatively for pain management purposes. Ninety-four percent of the patients used in the cohort presented themselves with surgical-site comphcations such as edema and inflammation 24 days (median) post-operation. Upon culturing of the wounds, 64% tested positive for bacterial infection. It is important to note that aU of the patients were found to have residual morphine paste on board indicative of a chronic morphine state (Sacerdote et al. 2000). 

Miyasaki KT, Wilson ME, Brunetti AJ, Genco RJ (1986) Oxidative and nonoxidative killing of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by human neutrophils. Infect Immun 53(1) 154—160 Moore K (1999) CeU biology of chronic wounds the role of inflammation. J Wound Care 8(7) 345-348 Moses MA (1997) The regulation of neovascularization of matrix metaUoproteinases and their inhibitors. Stem Cells 15(3) 180-189... 

Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung with consolidation. The cause of the inflammation is infection, which can result from a wide range of organisms. There are five classifications of pneumonia community-acquired, aspiration, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and health care-associated. Patients who develop pneumonia in the outpatient setting and have not been in any health care facilities, which include wound care and hemodialysis clinics, have community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Aspiration is of either oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal contents. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission.1,2 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) requires endotracheal intubation for at least 48 to 72 hours before the onset of... 

Uninfected 1 Wound lacking purulence or any manifestations of inflammation... 

Key Words Fibrosis chemokines chemokine receptors inflammation wound healing Thl Th2. 

Recently, the notion that the chronicity of inflammation may not actually drive the fibrogenic process has been widely appreciated (Tables 1, 2, and 3). Some propose that it is indeed the alteration of the mesenchymal cell phenotypes that disrupts the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation in the wound-healing process, highlighted by clinical evidence that shows unsuccessful treatment of fibrosis with anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs (18,19). One scenario is that mesenchymal cells (myofibroblasts and fibroblasts) are phenotypically altered and thus do not undergo apoptosis after resolution. 

Chronic inflammation is a leading component and contributing event to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease, where a normal inflammatory response to injury becomes a chronic, pathologic wound-healing response. 

Fibrotic disease results from epithelial injury and abnormal wound repair in the absence of preceding inflammation. 

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