N-butyl cyanoacrylate

These same researchers [317] reported the anionic polymerization of n-butyl cyanoacrylate in macroemulsion and miniemulsion. Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was used as the surfactant. The DBSA slows the rate of interfacial anionic polymerization through reversible termination, preventing an undesirably high degree of polymerization. Polymerization in macroemulsion resulted in a much higher degree of polymerization, perhaps due to droplet polymerization where the interface is less significant. 

Zhang Y, Zhu SY, Yin LC, et al. (2008) Preparation, characterization and biocompatibility of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanocapsules with oil core via miniemulsion polymerization. Fur Polym J 44 1654-1661... 

Polysorbate 80 (PS80)-coated poly(n-butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles (PBCA-NP) Transient disruption of the BBB 1821... 

N-butyl cyanoacrylate is the most commonly used cerebral AVM embolic material, and is considered by some to be the most effective (Finfante and Wakhloo, 2007). While its drawbacks include tissue adhesiveness and optimization of polymerization time, the main advantage of this material is its permanency. The curative capability of n-BCA, seen both after initial embolization... 

Debrun (1997) Embolization of the nidus of brain arteriovenous malformations with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Neurosurgery, 40, 112-121. 

Velat, G. J., Reavey-CantweU, J. F., Sistrom, C., Smullen, D., Fautheree, G. L., Whiting, J., Lewis, S. B., Mericle, R. A., Fitment, C. S. Hoh, B. L. (2008) Comparison of n-butyl cyanoacrylate and ONYX for the embolization of intracranial arteriovenous malformations analysis of fluoroscopy and procedure times. Neurosurgery, 63, ONS75-ONS82. 

If possible attempt to use an opacified embolic agent/mixture, for example n-butyl cyanoacrylate can be mixed with Ethiodol [109],... 

Kish JW, Katz MD, Marx MV, et al. (2004) N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization for control of acute arterial hemorrhage. J Vase Interv Radiol 15 689-695... 

Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A, Tanaka N, et al. (2000) Transcatheter arterial embolization of ruptured pseudoaneurysms with coils and n-butyl cyanoacrylate. J Vase Interv Radiol 11 66-72... 

The main reason for the use of plasticizers in formulations is to increase flexibility. More extensive stu has been conducted with dioctyl phthalate, DOP, where appearance, curing time, film formation, flexibility and durability have been evaluated for n-butyl cyanoacrylates containing from 15 to 50 wt% plasticizer. When DOP was at a 35 wt% or above, no film was formed. With the plasticizer at 15 wt%, flexibility and durabihty suffered. A 20-25 wt% range has produced the best overall performance. 

Despite the universal u.se of sutures for wound closure, there is a need to utilize adhesives instead, because of their ease of use and the reduced risk of infection. Alkyl cyanoacrylate adhesives have been studied extensively for this use, and a significant amount of research has been performed to evaluate their interaction with living tissue [40,41 J. They have been approved for external use only, because of concerns with the fact that the polymers do not readily biodegrade and can cause inflammation around the area to which it was applied. However, these concerns are reduced for n-butyl cyanoacrylate, as compared to the ethyl cyanoacrylate. There is even some evidence that their use as liquid sutures actually reduces the rate of infection around the healing wound or surgical incision [42J. 

Jafar JJ, Daviss AJ, Berenstein A (1993) The effect of embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate prior to surgical resection of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 78 60-69... 

Picard L, Costa EDA, Anxionnat R et al. (2001) Acute spontaneous hemorrhage after embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. J Neuroradiol 28 147-165... 

PECA is soluble in several highly polar solvents including nitromethane, DMF, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile. Donnelly and Pepper have presented a more complete list of solvents and non solvents for polymethyl, polyethyl, and poly-n-butyl cyanoacrylate. These authors calculated the solubility parameter of PECA to be 11.2. Water absorption by PECA at room temperature and 50% RH is negligible.""... 

Abstract Monodispersed biodegradable poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanocapsules containing DNA molecules (790 base pairs) within an aqueous core were prepared by anionic polymerization of n-butyl-cyanoacrylate at the droplets interface in inverse miniemulsion. The aqueous droplets in the size range of 300-700 nm dispersed in the hydrophobic continuous phase were formulated using the miniemulsion technique that allows an easy control of the droplet size and size distribution. After polymerization, the capsules were transferred into an aqueous phase. The effect of several reaction parameters such as the amount of monomer, type of the non-ionic surfactant (i.e. Span 80 and Tween 80) and type of the continuous phase (i.e. Miglyol 812N and... 

Toyoda H, Kumada T, Sone Y, Isogai M, Kaneoka Y. Late-onset colonic occlusion after emergent selective embolization of sigmoid artery with N-butyl cyanoacrylate for life-threatening traumatic bleeding. J Vase Interv Radiol 2009 20(10) 1376-9. 

Chagla AS, Balasubramaniam S. Cerebral N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue-induced abscess complicating embolization. J Neurosurg 2008 109(2) 347. 

Renal AVMs are rare and are typically small in size but can be quite large. Percutaneous embolization has been documented in the treatment of symptomatic lesions (hematuria, congestive cardiac failure, or hypertension). Percutaneous embolization using coils, Gelfoam, PVA particles, and glue (N-butyl-cyanoacrylate) has been reported [53-55]. Uterine AVMs have successfully been embolized with PVA particles, Gelfoam, glue, and coils [56]. 

Parildar M, Oran I, Memis A (2003) Embolization of visceral pseudoaneurysms with platinum coils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate. Abdom Imaging 28 36-40... 

Ozer, M.T., Sinan, H., Saydam, M., Kilic, A., Akyol, M., Coskun, A.K., Bedir, O., Demibas, S. Effectiveness of N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based microbial skin sealant on the prevention of surgical site infections. Surg. Infect. (Larchmt) 15(1), 14-17 (2014)... 

PBCA Poly-n-butyl cyanoacrylate dextran polymers... 

N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) is a liquid embolic material, in addition to being a tissue adhesive, that is approved by the USA FDA for use in embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM). It offers the advantages of low viscosity for easy injection through small catheters, but does not permeate all the way to the capillary level and thereby avoids tissue death. " ... 

Sze DY, Kao JS, FrisoU JK, McCaUum SW, Kennedy II WA, Razavi MK. Persistent and recurrent postsurgical varicoceles venographic anatomy and treatment with N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization. J Vase Interv Radiol 2008 19 539-45. 

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