World Trade Center 9/11 attack

It is interesting to note that the 2000 year group reported prior to the September/ October 2001 anthrax attacks and prior to 9/11 however, the student group s responses were provided after such events as the World Trade Center attack of 1993 and Timothy McVeigh s 1995 mass murder of the occupants of the Federal Building in... 

Butt, C.M., Diamond, M.L., et al. (2004b) Semivolatile organic compounds in window films from lower Manhattan after the September 11th World Trade Center attacks. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(13) 3514-3524. 

Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G., et al (2005) Polychlorinated dioxins and furans from the World Trade Center attacks in exterior window films from lower Manhattan in New York City. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(7) 1995-2003. 

ARC (Applied Research and Consulting, LLC) (2002). Effects of the World Trade Center attack on NYC public school students initial report to the New York City Board of Education. Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute, May 6, 2002. 

R. (2002) Confronting the health consequences of the World Trade Center attacks. American Public Health Association... 

Stephenson J. (2002) Researchers probe health consequences following the World Trade Center attack. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 288, 1219-1221. 

Based on historical observations, mass sociogenic illness might follow a real or threatened terrorist event involving chemical, biological or radiologic materials (3). Shortly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, minor events were sufficient to cause mass anxiety. On September 29,18 days after the World Trade Center attack, paint fumes at a middle school in Washington State,... 

Studies following two recent terrorist attacks in the United States, the April 1995 Oklahoma City Federal Building bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack in New York City, have shed some additional light on the mental health outcomes following terrorist events. 

Another study, a random digit dial telephone survey of nearly 1,000 adults in Manhattan, revealed an increased use of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana 5-8 weeks after the September 11 World Trade Center attacks. Participants with increased smoking or marijuana use were more likely to experience PTSD symptoms and depression, and those with increased alcohol use were more likely to suffer from depression only (16). 

Smithson and Levy (2000) reported some 139 cases where disaffected political or religiously motivated groups were in some fashion connected to chemical or biological agents between 1975 and August 2000 in the United States. On the other hand, in her comprehensive review of terrorism in the United States, Smithson concluded that to that point, the major terrorist incidents in the United States have not involved chemical warfare or biological warfare agents. As mentioned above, the most noteworthy examples are the Oklahoma City and World Trade Center attacks. 

Engel, S. M., Berkowitz, G. S., Wolff, M. S., Yehuda, R. (2005). Psychological trauma associated with the World Trade Center attacks and its effect on pregnancy outcome. Pediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 19 334—341. 

Mendonca D. Wallace, W. A. 2006. Impacts of the 2001 World Trade Center Attack on New York City Critical Infrastructures, Journal of Infrastructure Systems, 12 4, 260-270. 

Banauch GI, McLaughlin M, Hirschhom R, et al. Injuries and illnesses among New York City Fite Department rescue workers after responding to the World Trade Center attacks. Moth Mortal Wkly Rep 2002 51 1-5. 

The system proved its value following the September 11 catastrophe when Hon needed to reschedule plants and change delivery schedules to meet an emergency 20-truckload order from a customer badly affected by the World Trade Center attack. With plants running at near capacity, it was a formidable challenge, but the new system helped Hon and its customer as plants and schedules were altered to make the required shipments. 

Yehuda, R., Cai, G., Golier, J.A., et al., 2009. Gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to the World Trade Center attacks. Biol. Psychiatry 66, 708-711. 

First, there is substantiated evidence that the frequency of catastrophic events such as natural hazards is increasing (Coleman 2006). Elkins et al. (2005) state that there has been an increase both, in the potential for dismptions and in their magnitude. And according to Munich Re s (2007) annual report on natural hazards, the comparison of the last 10 years with the 1960s reveals a significant increase in the number of natural hazards. The series of memorable crises and catastrophes that occurred in the past years imderscores this development. Natural disasters such as hurricane Katrina devastating New Orleans in 2005, terrorist acts such as the World Trade Center attack from September 11, 2001, and epidemics like SARS in South-East Asia in 2003 are violent reminders that we live in an unpredictable and increasingly unstable world. 

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