World Production of Crude Oil

Coxmtry (crude oil name) Gases Gasoline Kerosene Gasoil/ diesel Residue (fuel oil component) Sulfur content 

Norway (Ekofisk) Middle East Saudi 3.3 31.2 13.6 21.6 30.8 Very low 0.1% on crude, 0.3% on residue 

Arabia (Arabia Light) 1.7 20.5 12 21.1 45.1 Very high 3% on crude, 4.5% tm residue 

Qatar (Qatar) 4.4 South and Central America 29.1 15.9 20.6 30.7 Medium 1.1% on crude, 2.6% on residue 

Libya (Libyan Light) 2.8 Far East and Australasia 21.6 12.9 22.1 40.9 Low 0.5% on crude, less than 1.0% on residue 

---

Most experts predict that crude oil reserves will last no more than 40-50 years of world consumption, although wide disagreement exists on when the world crude oil production peak will possibly occur. The combination of a growing worldwide product and transport demand, as seen in China and India, for example, with a diminishing world supply of crude oil may lead to sharply escalating price levels for crude oil with a detrimental impact on the activity level of industry. 

The common practice is to relate energy units to a common product, in this case, to petroleum liquid. For example, world consumption of crude oil and liquids (condensates) from natural gas in 1999 reached 149.72 Quadrillion (1015 BTUs)—Quad. If the amount of energy from other sources were converted to equivalent barrels of oil, the total world energy consumption in 1999 would be 380 Quads.1 The relative distribution of these sources is shown in Fig. 18.1. More energy comes from oil than from any other single source. 

TABLE 17.1 Annual Petroleum Production Trends by Major World Producers of Crude Oil"... 

As oil prices increase, the interest in alternative fuels increases. This is evidenced by demonstration programs and commitments by states such as California. The concern of the air quality in many areas around the world makes finding solutions more urgent. As the price of oil rises, alternate fuels become more competitive. Major questions remain to be answered on which fuel or fuels will emerge and to what extent alternative sources will replace gasoline as the main product of crude oil. 

According to a recent estimate of the German Oil and Gas Association (WEG) the actual recovery of oil using presently known processes totals about 43 7o of OOIP, while 57 7o remains in the formation. Higher recovery rates will demand new de-oiling techniques not yet developed. There is shown a comparison (Fig. 1) with the situation in the USA where a recovery efficiency of approx. 60 7> is estimated. Naturally the absolute production of crude oil in the USA is more than 100 x higher, as Germany with 4.1 mty (82,000 bbl/d) is one of the world s smaller producers. 

Petroleum extraction and processing is the center of one of the world s most valuable industries. From 2005 to 2009, annual global production of crude oil and natural gas yms remarkably constant at around 37 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). This... 

Proven world reserves of crude oil and natural gas liquids are about 1.2 trillion barrels. An annual production rate of 85 million barrels per day provides an estimated 40-year supply of these hydrocarbons. However, these hydrocarbons will be used much longer than that because more will be found, substitutes will be developed, and use will decrease as supply limits are approached. 

However, the world price of oil can be held to a lower level either by increasing the worldwide production of crude oil, or by new conservation measures on the demand... 

Production of natural gas also has been increasing. World production of dry gas rose from sixty-six trillion cubic feet in 1987 to eighty-two trillion cubic feet in 1996. U.S. domestic di y gas production rose from seventeen trillion cubic feet in 1987 to nineteen trillion cubic feet in 1996, and the nation imported an additional three trillion cubic feet in 1996 to meet demand. Dry natural gas is produced from wellhead gas by removing most of the hydrocarbons hcarncr than methane. These heavy components, which tend to liquefy from the wellhead gas, are added as natural gas liquids to the oil supply and appear in the crude oil statistics. 

Approximately 60% to 70% of the oil in place cannot be produced by conventional methods [22]. Enhanced oil-recovery methods gain importance in particular with respect to the limited worldwide resources of crude oil. The estimated worldwide production from enhanced oil-recovery projects and heavy-oil projects at the beginning of 1996 was approximately 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd). This is approximately 3.6% of the world s oil production. At the beginning of 1994, the production had been 1.9 million bpd [1254]. 

Crude oil, also referred to as petroleum, is a resource that is drilled for throughout the world. When refined and processed, crude oil provides the energy resources we have come to depend on in modern society. Crude oil provides the foundation for many products including plastics and petrochemicals in addition to the fuel for our cars and heating oil for our homes. Each day, the United States uses billions of gallons of crude oil to support our daily lives. While many forms of transportation are used to move this product to marketplaces, pipelines remain the safest, most efficient and economical way to move this natural resource. 

Figure 3.8 shows the major oil trade movements (imports and exports) in 2006 13.8 Gb of crude oil and 4.4 Gb of oil products were traded worldwide, around 60% of world crude oil production. In 2005, the USA and Europe each accounted for 27% of total imports (crude oil plus products), followed by Japan with 10% and China with 7%. The most important export regions were the Middle East with 40% of total exports, followed by Russia with 14% and West Africa (Nigeria) with 9%. While pipelines dominate the transport of oil within the continents, and countries, tanker transport dominates intercontinental transport (Middle East to Europe, Asia and America, Africa to Europe and America, and South America to North America) with a share of 75% to 80% (BGR, 2003). 

At the end of World War II, Fischer-Tropsch technology was under study in most industrial nations. Coal can be gasified to produce synthesis gas (syngas), which can be converted to paraffinic liquid fuels and chemicals by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Liquid product mainly contains benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX), phenols, alkylphenols and cresol. The low cost and high availability of crude oil, however, led to a decline in interest in liquid fuels made from coal. 

Each year more than 30 billion barrels of crude oil are produced in the world. The average worldwide and U.S. production rates are 83 million and 5.9 million barrels per day (bpd), respectively. Saudi Arabia produced the most crude in 1999, at more than 7.5 million bpd, followed by the former Soviet Union countries, at more than 7.3 million bpd (data taken from Oil Gas J., December 18, 2000). 

With the world running out of crude oil, species dying out at an alarming rate and political leaders seemingly little concerned about the predicted disasters, scientists should feel challenged to suggest solutions. A sustainable production... 

Pine Oil Manufacture. Synthetic pine oil manufacture is one of the principal uses of turpentine. U.S. production of synthetic pine oil in 1993 was 17,2441 at an average selling price of 1.10/kg (67). The amount of natural and sulfate pine oil was reported to be 17541. The world production of synthetic pine oil is estimated to be about twice the U.S. production figure. Natural pine oil is a product derived from the extraction of aged pine stumps, and sulfate pine oil is a product separated from crude sulfate turpentine in about 5% yield. The sulfate pine oil retains the sulfur odor of the sulfate turpentine, and its use is therefore limited to ore flotation and solvent applications. 

---