Intercontinental transport

Figure 3.8 shows the major oil trade movements (imports and exports) in 2006 13.8 Gb of crude oil and 4.4 Gb of oil products were traded worldwide, around 60% of world crude oil production. In 2005, the USA and Europe each accounted for 27% of total imports (crude oil plus products), followed by Japan with 10% and China with 7%. The most important export regions were the Middle East with 40% of total exports, followed by Russia with 14% and West Africa (Nigeria) with 9%. While pipelines dominate the transport of oil within the continents, and countries, tanker transport dominates intercontinental transport (Middle East to Europe, Asia and America, Africa to Europe and America, and South America to North America) with a share of 75% to 80% (BGR, 2003). 

Hydropower A Study for the Generation, InterContinental Transport, and Use of Hydrogen as a Source of Clean Energy, on the Basis of Large-scale and Cheap Hydro-Electricity (Hydrogen Pilot Project - Canada) (DECHEMA, 1987)... 

Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone International Tundra Experiment International Transport of Ozone and Precursors International Union for the Conservation of Nature and natural resources... 

The colorless carbon monoxide (CO) is everywhere. Wherever there is combustion there is CO it is the predominant product above 800°C. The concentration of CO might vary from 0.1 ppm in clean atmosphere to 5,000 ppm in the proximity of domestic wood fire chimneys (Fawcett et al, 1992) and is present in significant quantities in cigarette smoke (Hartridge, 1920 Hoffman et al, 2001). The atmospheric lifetime of CO is 1 to 2 months, which allows its intercontinental transport (Akimoto, 2003). 

Evidence of anthropogenic influence on the natural environment is widespread Examples include pesticide use (see Box 3-1), stratospheric ozone depletion (see Box 3-2), intercontinental transport of wind-borne dust and air pollutants, drinking water disinfection (see Box 3-3), and increasing levels of anthropogenic emissions into soils and groundwater. 

Gorbushina, A.A., Kort, R., Schulte, A. et al. (2007). Life in Darwin s dust intercontinental transport and survival of microbes in the nineteenth century. Environmental Microbiology 9, 2911-2922. 

Natural gas is ustially transported via pipelines. In order to be able to exploit natural gas deposits even in more remote areas without pipelines being available for transportation, natural gas, liquefied to cryogenic LNG is transported by tank ships (cf Chapter 7). This enables the efficient transport of large quantities of LNG over far distances even in intercontinental transport. 

Reeves, C.E., J. Slemr, D.E. Oram, D. Worton, S.A. Penkett, D.J. Stewart, R. Purvis, N. Watson, J. Hopkins, A. Lewis, J. Methven, D.R. Blake, and E. Atlas (2007), Alkyl nitrates in outflow from North America over the North Atlantic during Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10S37, doi 10.1029/2006JD007567. 

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