Limited work authorization

The issuance of a Limited Work Authorization (LWA) is under 10 CFR 50.10(e). In some cases, the NRC may authorize the licensee to do some construction at the site prior to the issuance of a construction permit. This authorization is known as an LWA and is done at the risk of the licensee. The LWA may be granted only after the licensing board has made all of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) findings required by the Commission s regulations for authorizing construction and has determined that there is reasonable assurance that, from a public health and safety standpoint, the proposed site is a suitable location for a nuclear power reactor of the proposed type and capacity. 

Recent work by Carter et al. (2002) on the alteration of hollandite samples in pure water at 90 °C and 150 °C demonstrates that the release rates of Ba and Cs are nearly identical. In these same experiments, Al and Ti are below detection limits at 90 °C and only Al is detected at 150 °C, but only by a factor of 2-3 above the detection limit. These authors also examined the pH dependence of the release rates at 90 °C, finding that the release of Ba decreases linearly (Fig. 8) from about 2 x 10-3 g/m2/d at pH = 2.5 to 4 x 10-4 g/m2/d at pH = 12.9. SEM work revealed the presence of nodular secondary phases on the surface of the hollandite at both temperatures. This was confirmed by XTEM work on cross-sections of the material, which identified both Ti-rich and Al-rich nodules in a ratio of about ten to one, respectively. Furthermore, XPS analysis of the hollandite surface after testing at 150 °C for 7 days showed an increase in the Al/Ti ratio from 0.26 to 0.47, consistent with the presence of an Al-rich layer approximately 0.5 nm thick. XPS results also show a decrease in the Ba/Ti ratio from 0.095 to 0.072 and this is equivalent to removal of about 25% of the Ba within 5 nm of the surface. 

This case study is based on original work by Richard Mitchell and John Gough of Pfizer Limited. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Paul Benson (Pfizer), Keith Brown (Pfizer), Hugh Langston (Pfizer), and Eric Wells (Pfizer) in the preparation of this revision. 

Unfortunately, research work on taxines was hampered by their instability and the loss of activity upon storage because of the loss of dimethylamino moiety from the C-3 atom (Fig. 1) and the formation of corresponding cinnamates. Isolation of taxines is accomplished by alka-line/base extraction but it is difficult to obtain them in a purified form because of rapid acetate isomerization and/ or decomposition to taxinines. To the author s knowledge, there are no taxine/taxinine reference compounds commercially available. It is no surprise therefore that there are limited works that report on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of taxines. Taxines were found in plant extracts interfering in extraction, isolation, and analysis of paclitaxel from plant material. ... 

A second, and more chemical, verification is due to Finke et al.,21 who also invented the descriptive phrase persistent radical effect and gave a prototype example to the extreme. The thermal reversible 1,3-benzyl migration in a coenzyme B12 model complex leads to the equilibrium of Scheme 9. Earlier work had shown that the reaction involves freely diffusing benzyl and persistent cobalt macrocycle radicals, but the expected self-termination product bibenzyl of benzyl was missing. Extending the detection limits, the authors found traces of bibenzyl and deduced a selectivity for the formation of the cross-products to the self-termination products of 100 000 1 or 99.999%. Kinetic modeling further showed that over a time of 1000 years only 0.18% of bibenzyl would be formed, and this stresses the long-time duration of the phenomenon. 

Access to the working rooms must be limited to authorized persons. 

We apologise to our many colleagues whose work we have not been able to dte due to space limitations. The authors are supported by the Australian Medical Research Council and UNOP/ World Bank/WHO/TDR Program. 

A common solution, which satisfies both the inventory control and quality control, is to institute a stock requisition system. Authorization of requisitions may be given by a person s supervisor or can be provided via a work order. If someone has been authorized to carry out a particular job, this should authorize the person to requisition the items needed. Again for inventory control reasons, you may wish to impose a limit on such authority requiring the person to seek higher authority for items above a certain value. 

A sewerage authority must decide on the level of contamination, which it is prepared to accept into its sewer. The amount of sulfate and of biodegradable matter, which can be allowed, will depend, first, on the quantity and quality of the flow already in the sewer and available to dilute the effluent. The second decision concerns the limits of contaminants which are acceptable into the sewage works. 

This Certificate is issued for the following Authorized Work. No other work may be carried out. Entrance to work area is limited to those authorized. Tools/access equipment etc. must be approved by authorized person prior to them being taken into the work area. 

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