Deoxygenation, catalytic

Heterogeneous catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid for production of biodiesel. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45, 5708-5715. 

Pyrolysis of pine wood biomass was conducted at 400°C followed by catalytic deoxygenation at 450°C. The yield of the different product phases was gravimetrically determined. The gas yield was calculated by the difference. The water content of the bio oil was measured by Karl Fischer titration. The yield of the different product phases is given in Table 3, calculated from the pyrolyzed biomass. The non-catalytic experiment was carried out in the same way as the catalytic ones with the exception that the upper catalyst bed was empty. 

The system ReCp 03/PPh3 is not efficient in catalytic deoxygenation of epoxides but its analogue ReTpOs is and shows stereoselectivity. ... 

Internal epoxides react only slowly and, therefore selective deoxygenation of diepoxides is possible. The reaction can be carried out as a catalytic process by addition of (C2H50>2P0Na (1-2 equiv.) to a solution of the epoxide and Te (0.1 equiv.) in C2H5OH. The selenium salt corresponding to 1 is much less reactive in this deoxygenation and is less suitable for catalytic deoxygenations. ... 

Taher D, Thibault ME, Di Mondo D, Jennings M, Schlaf M (2009) Acid-, water- and high-temperature-stable ruthenium complexes for the total catalytic deoxygenation of glycerol to propane. ChemEur J 15 10132-10143... 

Ghosh P, Fagan PJ, Marshall WJ, Hauptman E, Bullock RM (2009) Synthesis of ruthenium carbonyl complexes with phosphine or substituted Cp ligands, and their activity in the catalytic deoxygenation of 1,2-propanediol. Inorg Chem 48 6490-6500... 

Synthesis o-f transition metal derivative s. In view o-f the -final goal o-f this survey, that is the catalytic deoxygenation o-f nitro compounds by carbon monoxyde, o-f particular interest are the stoichiometric reactions o-f these compounds with metal carbonyls. Carbonyl ligands coordinated to metal atoms in a high oxydation state should be more susceptible to attack by nucleophiles, than those bound to metal in a low oxydation state. However, the reactivity o-f nitro compounds has been studied in practice only with carbonyl complexes o-f metals in zero or less oxydation states. The -first report in this -field is concernded with the reactions o-f Fe(C0>5 with a series o-f aromatic nitro compounds] 56], leading to dimeric iron-nitroso derivatives[23j ... 

The catalytic deoxygenation reactions o-f nitroso compounds have not been studied in considerable detail. Examples o-f the systems which have been studied are reported on table X. 

Mitrogen-containing products from the catalytic deoxygenations of nitroso compounds ArMO with carbon monoxide. 

Catalytic deoxygenation of nitro compounds RNO with carbon monoxide nitrogen-containing products without addition of CO. 

Catalytic deoxygenation of aromatic nitro compounds with carbon inonoxide and alcohols. Synthesis of carbamates. 

Modeling of the catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids in a packed bed reactor... 

Selective catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids and their derivatives in the liquid phase has been demonstrated over Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts at temperature and pressure ranges of 543-633 K and 6-20 bar, respectively [7,11]. Several feedstocks such as saturated and unsaturated fatty adds and esters as well as triglycerides have been used. Furthermore, catalyst properties and reaction conditions [9,18] have been optimized, and the possibility of using either batch [20] or continuous reactors [15, 16, 21] has been demonstrated. 

In the catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid, the main liquid-phase produd was n-heptadecane. Traces of n-heptadecene were formed, too. Catalyst deactivation was observed due to the formation of unsaturated n-heptadecene, which in turn undergoes cycUzation to C17 aromatic compounds. These kinds of compounds can easily form coke on the catalyst surface. The catalyst deactivation was more prominent as the high initial stearic add concentrations were used. Neither palladium leaching nor sintering was deteded [15]. 

Snare M, Kubickovd I, Maki-Arvela P, Chichova D, Eranen K, Murzin DY. Catalytic deoxygenation of unsaturated renewable feedstocks for production of diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Fuel 2008 87 933. 

Simakova I, Rozmyslowicz B, Simakova O, Maki-Arvela P, Simakov A, Murzin DY. Catalytic deoxygenation of C18 fatty acids over mesoporous Pd/C catalyst for synthesis of biofuels. Top. Catal. 2011 54 460. 

Lestari S, Maki-Arvela P, Simakova I, Beltramini J, Max LG. Murzin DY. Catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid and palmitic acid in a semibatch mode. Catal. Lett 2009 130 48. 

Rozmyslowicz B, Maki-Arvela P, Lestari S. Simakova OA, Eranen K, Simakova I, Murzin DY, Salmi T. Catalytic deoxygenation of tall oil fatty acids over a palladium-mesoporous carbon catalyst A new source of biofuels. Top. Catal. 2010 53 1277. 

Besides the "classical" organic synthetic methodology, transition-metal-assisted methods have been developed for both the synthesis and the functionalisation of indoles [25]. One of the most useful involves the catalytic deoxygenation of ortho-nitTostyrenQS (7) by carbon monoxide. A chart of the substrates (7) which have been carbonylated and of the products obtained is reported in Scheme 2. 

---