Wireless computing

The use of wireless computer systems has gain popularity in data collection for clinical trials. They have been used as a substitute for normal paper-based patient diaries (Koop et al. [19]) to increase data quality and shorten the time needed to close the database. They have also been used for mobile interviewing [20] and for bedside data collection [21]. In patient-directed data entry, subjects are given handheld computers to answer the trial s questions (Clarke et al. [22]). 

P. M. Ti, L. G. Yamamoto, and L. K. Shirai, "Instant telemedicine EGG consultations with cardiologist using pocket wireless computers," American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 19, supplement 4, pp. 248-249, May 2001. 

The development of the microcomputer led to the need to connect these devices to themselves and the wide area networks. In 1980, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 standard was announced. It has provided most of the connectivity to networks since that time, although many wireless computing devices can connect with Bluetooth. 

The economy can be described as a digital one because the Internet is used as a tool to facilitate all kinds of online financial transactions involving the common use of bank accounts, credit cards, airline and hotel reservations, government benefits, and the stock market. These financial transactions can be completed using both wired and wireless computer internetworking. The rapid growth of Internet applications that facilitate communication and financial transactions has also been accompanied by a growth in identity theft and other cyber crimes. 

Subramaniam G, Heckman E, Grote J, Hopkins F (2005) IEEE Microwave Wireless Comput Lett 15 232... 

The use of ever-more sophisticated electronic technologies (including wireless, computer and solid-state power conversion) is now commonplace, and increasing in every sphere of human activity, including those where errors or malfunctions in the technology can have implications for functional safety. Activities affected include, but are not limited to ... 

Figure 23.2 The SmartPen system is a pen with an optical sensor that records each keystroke on a special form. The pen is docked at a computer or data can be wirelessly transmitted, and data from anywhere in the world are immediately sent for validation. Queries are generated within minutes, closing the feedback loop and markedly rednc-ing query rates as compared to conventional systems.

In distributed systems, each participating site must be equipped with a desktop or a laptop computer loaded with the distributed data collection system software to collect and enter data locally. In addition, each site is provided with necessary storage devices such as tapes, zip diskettes, and CDs and peripheral devices such as printers. Collected data are transferred periodically to the central location as files saved on storage devices, via phone modems, by FTP, or through wireless communications, where they are managed by a centralized data management system. 

Wilson R, Fulmer T. Initial experiences with wireless, pen-based computing. Public Health Nurs 1998 15(3) 225-32. 

These types of batteries are available in button and prismatic forms. Their main application is as power sources for hearing aids. Other applications include various specialty uses in the notebook computers, electronic pagers, portable battery chargers, various medical devices, the wireless crew communicator systems [18, 19]. 

All parameters are transmitted in a wireless fashion by IR data transfer from the rotors to the system control computer of the instrument to eliminate disturbing cables and hoses from within the cavity. 

The instrument is controlled by an IBM Think Pad laptop computer via a wireless network, utilizing ASD s proprietary software package. For this study, reference standard readings were collected before each sample reading to ensure consistent equipment function and to establish atmospheric conditions. 

D. Tian and N. D. Georganas, A node scheduling scheme for energy conservation in large wireless sensor networks , Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 271-290, May 2003. 

In the initial stages utilities ran wires, also known as hardwire or land lines, from the central computer (MTU) to the remote computers (RTUs). Since remote locations can be located hundreds of miles from the central location, utilities began to use public phone lines and modems, leased telephone company lines, and radio and microwave communication. More recently, they have also begun to use satellite links, the Internet, and newly developed wireless technologies. 

Any location that has a connection to the SCADA network is a target, especially unmanned or unguarded remote sites. Conduct a physical security survey and inventory access points at each facility that has a connection to the SCADA system. Identify and assess any source of information including remote telephone/ computer network/fiber optic cables that could be tapped radio and microwave links that are exploitable computer terminals that could be accessed and wireless local area network access points. Identify and eliminate single points of failure. The security of the site must be adequate to detect or prevent unauthorized access. Do not allow live network access points at remote, unguarded sites simply for convenience. 

Wireless data communications devices are used to enable transmission of data between computer systems and/or between a SCADA server and its sensing devices, without individual components being physically linked together via wires or cables. In industrial chemical processing systems, these devices are often used to link remote monitoring stations (i.e., SCADA components) or portable computers (i.e., laptops) to computer networks without using physical wiring connections. 

WAP. The WAP provides the wireless data communication service. It usually consists of a housing (which is constructed from plastic or metal depending on the environment it will be used in) containing a circuit board, flash memory that holds software, one of two external ports to connect to existing wired networks, a wireless radio transmitter/receiver, and one or more antenna connections. Typically, the WAP requires a one-time user configuration to allow the device to interact with the local area network (LAN). This configuration is usually done via a Web-driven software application which is accessed via a computer. 

Wireless network interface card client. A wireless card is a piece of hardware that is plugged in to a computer and enables that computer to make a wireless network connection. The card consists of a transmitter, functional circuitry, and a receiver... 

Two of the primary applications for wireless data communications systems are to enable mobile or remote connections to a LAN, and to establish wireless communications links between SCADA remote telemetry units (RTUs) and sensors in the field. Wireless card connections are usually used for LAN access from mobile computers. Wireless cards can also be incorporated into RTUs to allow them to communicate with sensing devices that are located remotely. 

Maes, P., Darrell, T., Blumberg, B. Pentland, A. 1995. The ALIVE system wireless, full-body interaction with autonomous agents. Proc. Computer Animation, IEEE Press, April 1995. 

Add to these new instruments the breakthroughs in computers (more power, speed, and the ability to go wireless) and software (e.g., chemometrics packages), and the capacity to monitor and affect bioprocesses in real time is more than possible it is almost commonplace. 

The battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable, rechargeable battery packs. The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA s), laptop computers, and other wireless electronics. Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The world market for batteries was approximately 41 billion in 2000, which included 16.2 billion primary and 24.9 billion secondary cells. 

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