Wider

To the process designer, life-cycle analysis is useful because focusing exclusively on waste minimization at some point in the life cycle sometimes creates problems elsewhere in the cycle. The designer can often obtain useful insights by changing the boundaries of the system under consideration so that they are wider than those of the process being designed. 

The range of chemical displacement is much wider (200 ppm as opposed to 15). 

First of all, a technical clarification is necessary in the wider sense, motor fuels are chemical compounds, liquid or gas, which are burned in the presence of air to enable thermal engines to run gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuels. The term heating fuel is reserved for the production of heat energy in boilers, furnaces, power plants, etc. 

More general techniques covering a wider range employ gas chromatography (Durand et al., 1987). This enables identification and analysis of the nearly 200 gasoline components whose octane numbers are known. 

It is possible to calculate the properties of wider cuts given the characteristics of the smaller fractions when these properties are additive in volume, weight or moles. Only the specific gravity, vapor pressure, sulfur content, and aromatics content give this advantage. All others, such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, need to be measured. In this case it is preferable to proceed with a TBP distillation of the wider cuts that correspond with those in an actual refinery whose properties have been measured. 

However, coiled tubing drilling is limited to slim holes, and the reliability of some of the drill string components such as downhole motors needs further improvement. Presently, the cost of building a new customised CTD rig limits the wider application of this emerging technology. 

The industry is increasingly acknowledging the value of oontractors and service companies in improving their individual core capabilities through alliances, i.e. a joint venture for a particular project or a number of projects. A lead contractor e.g. a drilling company may form alliances with a number of sub contractors to be able to cover a wider spectrum of activities e.g. completions, workovers and well interventions. 

However, more experiments using a wider range of stress ratios will be required to achieve a more complete data set, in order to verify the validity of the model under a wide range of stress conditions. 

At first a crack wider than the outer diameter of the coil winding is tested. The results of the superposition and the measured data are presented in fig. 8. 

Induction electron accelerators - betatrons- are widely used as radiation sources in industrial flaw detection of materials and articles of high thickness. However, relatively low radiation intensity has become the barrier for the most wider betatron use in this area. For the efficiencyincrease of radiation control method of articles, as well as for the possibility to control materials and articles of the most thickness the significant increase of betatron radiation intensity has been required. 

Another phenomenon is so called two-side filling of one-side closed conical capillaries with liquid [5]. On the one hand the more penetrant is trapped by the defect the wider indication will appear. Contrariwise it is almost impossible to extract a penetrant from the completely filled surface defects by dry developer [6]. In this study we propose the theory of the phenomenon. Besides experimental results of the investigation of two-side filling with various penetrants of conical capillaries are presented. Practical recommendations to optimize liquid penetrant testing process are proposed. 

The spread is much wider in 2MHz than in 5MHz. Fig. 4 shows the directivity for SH Wave angle probes. The beam at an angle of 70 was the strongest. The refracted... 

Before proceeding to the main subject of this chapter—namely, the behavior and properties of spread films on liquid substrates—it is of interest to consider the somewhat wider topic of the spreading of a substance on a liquid surface. Certain general statements can be made as to whether spreading will occur, and the phenomenon itself is of some interest. 

Figure A3.14.13. Further examples of the various Turing patterns observable in a 2D gel reaetor. (a) and (b) spots, (e) and (d) stripes, (e) and (1) wider field of view showing long-range defeets in basie stnietine. The seale bar alongside eaeh figure represents 1 nnu. (Reprinted with pemrission from [39], The Ameriean Institute of Physios.)...

Time-of-flight mass spectrometers have been used as detectors in a wider variety of experiments tlian any other mass spectrometer. This is especially true of spectroscopic applications, many of which are discussed in this encyclopedia. Unlike the other instruments described in this chapter, the TOP mass spectrometer is usually used for one purpose, to acquire the mass spectrum of a compound. They caimot generally be used for the kinds of ion-molecule chemistry discussed in this chapter, or structural characterization experiments such as collision-induced dissociation. Plowever, they are easily used as detectors for spectroscopic applications such as multi-photoionization (for the spectroscopy of molecular excited states) [38], zero kinetic energy electron spectroscopy [39] (ZEKE, for the precise measurement of ionization energies) and comcidence measurements (such as photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy [40] for the measurement of ion fragmentation breakdown diagrams). 

Some other general rules have been extracted they come particularly from Tpppp data, but also have a wider validity in many cases. 

The principal dilTerence from liquid-state NMR is that the interactions which are averaged by molecular motion on the NMR timescale in liquids lead, because of their anisotropic nature, to much wider lines in solids. Extra infonnation is, in principle, available but is often masked by the lower resolution. Thus, many of the teclmiques developed for liquid-state NMR are not currently feasible in the solid state. Furthemiore, the increased linewidth and the methods used to achieve high resolution put more demands on the spectrometer. Nevertheless, the field of solid-state NMR is advancing rapidly, with a steady stream of new experiments forthcoming. 

Pervushin K, Riek R, Wider G and Wuthrich K 1997 Attenuated T relaxation by mutual cancellation of dipole-dipole coupling and chemical shift anisotropy indicates an avenue to NMR structures of very... 

The third alternative is a more robust, sensitive and specialized fonn of the first, in that only hydrogen nuclei indirectly spin-spin coupled to in a specific molecular configuration are imaged. In achieving selectivity, the technique exploits the much wider chemical shift dispersion of compared to H. The metliod involves cyclic transfer from selected H nuclei to indirectly spin-spin coupled C nuclei and back according to the sequence... 

The biased-sampling approach may be considerably generalized, to allow the construction of MC moves step-by-step, with each step depending on the success or failure of the last. Such a procedure is biased, but it is then possible to correct for the bias (by considering the possible reverse moves). The technique has dramatically speeded up polymer simulations, and is capable of wider application. 

Figure B3.4.10. Schematic figure of a ID double-well potential surface. The reaction probabilities exliibit peaks whenever the collision energy matches the energy of the resonances, which are here the quasi-bound states in the well (with their energy indicated). Note that the peaks become wider for the higher energy resonances—the high-energy resonance here is less bound and Teaks more toward the asymptote than do the low-energy ones.

This argument was pointed out almost 30 years ago by Benzinger [49], in a paper which referred to some still earlier work of his, and yet its implications, even more pertinent today given tire wider use of calorimetry in molecular biology, still appear to be largely ignored, an exception being Weber s work on tire association entlialpy of protein subunits [50]. 

A wider variety of reaction types involving reactions at bonds to oxygen atom bearing functional groups was investigated by the same kind of methodology [30]. Reaction classification is an essential step in knowledge extraction from reaction databases. This topic is discussed in Section 10.3.1 of this book. 

We just hope that this Textbook will generate interest in chemoinformatics for a wider audience, and will make them exdted about this field much in the same way as we are excited about it. 

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