Leukocytes trafficking

Sweitzer SM, Hickey WF et al (2002) Focal peripheral nerve injury induces leukocyte trafficking into the central nervous system potential relationship to neuropathic pain. Pain 100(1-2) 163-170... 

HIV Coreceptors and Their Roles in Leukocyte Trafficking During Neuroinflammatory Diseases... 

The HIV-1 coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 bind to ligand members of a family of molecules known as chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines. While the hallmark function of these small proteins is the direction of leukocyte trafficking, they can also participate in cellular events such as activation and costimulation (Bajetto et al. 2(X)la). Members of the chemokine family can be classified as either homeostatic or inflammatory based on their temporal expression (Charo and Ransohoff 2006 Kim 2005). Although traditionally the CNS had been thought to be protected from immune acti-... 

Glass WG, Lane TE (2003b) Functional expression of chemokine receptor CCR5 on CD4(-l-) T cells during virus-induced central nervous system disease. J Virol 77 191-198 Glass WG, Lim JK, Cholera R, Pletnev AG, Gao JL, Murphy PM (2005) Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection. J Exp Med 202 1087-1098... 

Ribeiro S, Horuk R. Chemokine receptor antagonists from the bench to the clinic. In Hannan A, Engelhardt B, eds. Leukocyte Trafficking-Molecular mechanism, therapeutic targets, and methods. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2005 371 402. 

Dhabhar, F.S. and McEwen, B.S., Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo A potential role for leukocyte trafficking, Brain Behav. Immun., 11, 286, 1997. 

Chemokines CCR1 Human cDNA Inflammatory disorders, immunosuppression, dermatology, cancer Monocyte and granulocyte chemotaxis, leukocyte trafficking... 

McEver, R.P., Moore, K.L., Cummings, R.D. (1995) Leukocyte trafficking mediated by selectin-carbohydrate interactions. 

Selectins are a family of membrane glycoproteins that are divalent cation-dependent and bind to specific carbohydrates containing sialylated moieties. They are composed of leukocyte (L)-selectins, endothelial (E)-selectins and platelet (P)-selectins. L-selectins are expressed on most leukocytes, whereas vascular endothelial cells express E-selectins and P-selectins. Initial binding of leukocytes with vascular endothelium involves selectins and consequently they play an important role in leukocyte trafficking. 

Three groups independently reported on this approach in 1997-98 [68]. Harri-man envisioned that compounds containing the constrained peptide-like backbone could be potentially used as modulators of leukocyte trafficking. More specifically,... 

As the number of chemokines and receptors continue to expand so too does the list of ascribed biological functions. Beyond their characterized roles in leukocyte trafficking and inflammation, chemokines have been shown to effect angiogenesis (24-26), hematopoiesis (27-29), T-cell differentiation (30), apoptosis (31), and viral infection (32,33), although the biological significance of these effects as well as the mechanism of action remain to be determined in many cases. Furthermore, chemokine receptor expression has been reported on nonlymphoid cell types in brain and vasculature (34,35). Antibodies will no doubt prove to be useful in determining the function of these receptors in other systems. 

One of the main reasons for interest in chemokines is the ease with which their expression can be documented in physiological settings involving leukocyte trafficking or in diseases characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration. In the case of most ELR-containing CXC chemokines, their ability to attract neutrophils in vitro is paralleled by a similar activity when injected in vivo (1-3). However, in the case of non-ELR CXC and most CC chemokines, injection in vivo has resulted in disparate and inconsistent reports of activity (4-6). Thus, in order to be able to infer anything about the function of chemokines in normal physiology or disease, it must be demonstrated that their in vitro activities accurately predict their in vivo activities. 

Dwir, O., Grabovsky, V., Alon, R., and Feigelson, S. (2004). Selectin acidity modulation by chemokines at subsecond endothelial contacts A novel regulatory level of leukocyte trafficking. Ernst. Schering. Res. Found Workshop 10, 109-135. 

Olson, T. S., and Ley, K. (2002). Chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking. Am. J. Physiol. Regal. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 283, R7-R28. 

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