West Nile virus encephalitis

McCandless EE, Zhang B, Diamond MS, Klein RS (2008b) CXCR4 antagonism increases T cell trafficking in the central nervous system and improves survival from West Nile virus encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA... 

Wang Y, Lobigs M, Lee E, Mullbacher A (2003) CD8+ T cells mediate recovery and immunopathoglogy in West Nile virus encephalitis. J Virol 77 13323-13334. 

FIGURE 3.22 West Nile virus. Immunostaining of flaviviral antigens in neurons and neuronal processes in the central nervous system from an immunosuppressed patient who died of West Nile virus encephalitis. (Flavivirus-hyperimmune mouse ascitic fluid naphthol fast red substrate with hematoxylin counterstain original magnification x40.)... 

Cushing MM, Brat DJ, Mosunjac MI, et al. Fatal West Nile virus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004 121 26-31. 

Westheimer, Frank, 16 727, 741 Westinghouse AP600 reactor, 17 595 Westinghouse Bettis Laboratory, 17 573 Westinghouse Model 412 pressurized water reactor, 17 574-577 West Nile encephalitis, 14 338 West Nile virus (WNV), 3 135, 137 antiviral therapy, 3 165-168 infection process, 3 164-165 Weston cell, 15 750 Wet adhesion... 

People infected usually experience only mild flulike symptoms, but West Nile virus can result in life-threatening encephalitis or meningitis. DEET is the most popular pesticide used as a repellent for humans, with several hundred products containing DEET available in the United States. Because it is a pesticide, products containing DEET are required to be labeled with information concerning the method of application, directions for medical attention, list special precautions for children, and the percent DEET in the product. DEET is still available at 100% strength in the United States, but Canada bans formulation that are more than 30% and various groups have recommended that this standard be used in the United States. 

Flavivirus is a genus of the family Flaviviridae composed of nearly 70 arthropod-borne viruses that cause important human diseases, such as yellow fever virus (YFV), DENV, West Nile virus (WNV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). They cause a variety of diseases including fever, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever. In particular, DENV has reemerged in recent years as an increasingly important public health threat affecting more than 100 countries worldwide, with nearly 50 million infections each year and over 2.5 billion people at risk [81]. 

Geographic distribution of West Nile virus has been described in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, west and central Asia, and most recently. North America. Recent outbreaks of WN virus encephalitis in humans have occurred in Algeria in 1994, Romania in 1996-1997, the Czech Republic in 1997, the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1998, Russia in 1999, the United States in... 

Although there are mechanistic differences between retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and the orthomyxovirus influenza, the viruses discussed to this point have definite structural and functional similarities including spikelike, trimeric native structures and the presence of coiled coils in their fusion-active subunits. The flaviviruses and alphaviruses, however, appear to be another class of enveloped viruses entirely. Flaviviruses include yellow fever. West Nile virus. Dengue virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Alphaviruses, of the togavirus family, include... 

Keywords Encephalitis Heipes simplex virus type 1 Varicella zoster virus Cytomegalovirus West Nile virus Acyclovir Valacyclovir Ganciclovir Cidofovir Famciclovir Foscamet Latencyneurological disorders Lifecycle... 

Fig. 22.20 Possible phylogenetic scheme of the HCV (Hepaciviri-dae) and GB viruses (especially GBV C/HGV) as well as other members of the Flaviviridae (I) DV = Dengue virus, WNV = West Nile virus, JEV = Japanese encephalitis virus, YFV = yellow...

A Georgia woman who died after an automobile crash was given multiple blood transfusions before she died (188). Blood samples taken at arrival in the emergency department were negative for West Nile virus, while blood samples that were taken after she had received several transfusions were positive. This finding raised concerns about transmission of West Nile virus via blood. One out of five people infected with West Nile vims will develop a mild febrile illness, lasting 3-6 days one out of 150 people will develop meningitis or encephalitis. The West Nile vims circulates in the blood of an infected person for only a few days or weeks. Therefore, the risk of transmission of West Nile virus from transfusion of blood components is low (189). 

Mosquito-bome members of the genus Flavivims in the family Flaviviridae provide some of the most important examples of emerging diseases, as well as one of the earliest documented disease that spread into a new geographic area Yellow fever virus (YFV) from West Africa into the Americas from the seventeenth century. More recently, the enormous resurgence of DENY in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world, the emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America and the spread of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) through much of Asia and into Oceania have been recorded (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2005 Mackenzie et al. 2004). 

By warding off biting insects, DEET protects against the diseases they carry. Mosquitoes, for example, carry diseases such as malaria, one of the most serious diseases in the world, responsible for an estimated three millions deaths a year encephalitis, an infection that causes inflammation and swelling of the brain and West Nile virus, an organism that affects the central nervous system and poses a serious threat to both humans and other animals. Ticks carry Lyme disease, an infection spread hy the deer tick that causes a skin rash, joint pain, and flu-like symptoms that can develop into a debilitating and permanent health problem if not treated early. 

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