Energetic binder

There are a number of inert binders such as polyester, epoxy, polysulfide, polyurethane which have been reported as binders for composite propellants and plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). At present, hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) is regarded as the state-of-the-art workhorse binder for such applications. However, the recent trend is to use energetic binders such as poly [3,3-bis(azidomethyl oxetane)] [poly(BAMO)], poly (3-azidomethyl-3-methyl oxetane) [poly(AMMO)], PNP, GAP diol and triol, nitrated HTPB(NHTPB), poly(NiMMO), poly(GlyN) and nitrated cyclodextrin polymers poly(CDN) for PBXs and composite propellants in order to get better performance. 

Polynitropolyphenylenes (PNPs) [Structure (2.53)] describe a class of compounds with aromatic C-N02 groups in a chain of benzene units interlinked by 

The chemistry and properties together with applications of other energetic binders such as GAP, NHTPB, poly (NiMMO), poly (GlyN) and poly (CDN) will be described in Chapter 4 on propellants because of their extensive use in that segment of explosive industry. 

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Aktive Binder energetic binders energetic polymers... 

Hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (8) (HTPB) has been treated with dinitrogen pentoxide in methylene chloride. The product (9) is an energetic oligomer but is unlikely to find application because of the inherent instability of /3-nitronitrates." Initial peroxyacid epoxidation of some of the double bonds of HTPB followed by reaction with dinitrogen pentoxide yields a product containing vtc-dinitrate ester groups and this product (NHTPB) is of much more interest as an energetic binder (see Section 3.10)." ... 

Dihydroxylation of the allyl groups of (70) with hydrogen peroxide and catalytic osmium tetroxide, followed by 0-nitration of the product (72), yields the hexanitrate ester (73). Similar treatment of the mono-allyl ether (74) affords the pentanitrate ester (76). Evans and Callaghan also 0-nitrated the hydroxy groups of (70) and (74) to yield the dinitrate and trinitrate esters, (71) and (75), respectively. The dinitrate ester (71) may find use as a monomer for the synthesis of energetic binders. 

Energetic materials (oxidizer) Polymeric materials (energetic binder) Polymeric materials (binder and fuel)... 

Energetic binders and plasticizers for explosive compositions or formulations. 

However, the use of such binders (usually inert polymers) brings down the overall energy of the systems this can be improved by the use of an energetic binder such as TNT, which is a low melting explosive and also has the capability of binding explosive particles. 

The US Air Force formulation designated as AFX 644 (based on TNT and NTO and also referred to as TNTO IV) is used for low-vulnerability General Purpose (GP) bomb. AFX-644 is a melt-cast, wax desensitized nitrotriazolone (NTO)-based explosive formulation which employs TNT as an energetic binder and aluminum powder to enhance blast performance. TNT, NTO, wax and A1 powder are mixed in proportions of 30,40,10 and 20% respectively and meets the United Nations ... 

N. (1989) Nitrated hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (NHTPB) a new energetic binder. Proc. 14th Inti. Pyrotech. Seminar, Henry ling Press, Dorset, UK, pp. 105-111. 

Binders A binder plays an important role in resisting conductive ignition by hot metal particles. Propellants whose binders decompose endothermically are considered excellent in this context. On the other hand, propellants with exothermically decomposing binders ignite as easily as nitrate ester propellants. Binders can be classified as inert and energetic binders. 

These binders may be classified into two classes inert or non-energetic binders and energetic binders. 

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