Water-soluble antimicrobials

Hydroxyethyl cellulose can be used with a wide variety of water-soluble antimicrobial preservatives. However, sodium pentachlorophenate produces an immediate increase in viscosity when added to hydroxyethyl cellulose solutions. 

Use A water-soluble antimicrobial agent for use in cutting fluids and other aqueous alkaline systems formaldehyde donor with controlled rate of release and minimum odor. 

Water-soluble antimicrobial Upopeptides have been prepared by the condensation of amino acids or peptides to lV -acyl arginine residues with suitable lipophilic contents. Our data suggest that such arginine lipopeptidic surfactants have value as soft preservatives in cosmetic, food, and dermopharmaceutical formulations, as well as being tools for fundamental research. 

Povidone—iodine is a brown, water-soluble powder containing approximately 10% iodine. However, the amount of free iodine, which is responsible for the antimicrobial activity, is low in a concentrated solution, but is released as the solution is diluted (41). Concentrated solutions have actually been contaminated with bacteria (42). For use as an antiseptic, povidine—iodine is diluted with water or alcohol to a concentration of 1% iodine. Detergents are added if it is used as a surgical scmb. lodophors are important as broad-spectmm antiseptics for the skin, although they do not have the persistent action of some other antiseptics. They are also used as disinfectants for clinical thermometers that have been used by tuberculous patients, for surface disinfection of tables, etc, and for clean equipment in hospitals, food plants, and dairies, much as chlorine disinfectants are used. 

This aromatic alcohol has been an effective preservative and still is used in several ophthalmic products. Over the years it has proved to be a relatively safe preservative for ophthalmic products [138] and has produced minimal effects in various tests [99,136,139]. In addition to its relatively slower rate of activity, it imposes a number of limitations on the formulation and packaging. It possesses adequate stability when stored at room temperature in an acidic solution, usually about pH 5 or below. If autoclaved for 20-30 minutes at a pH of 5, it will decompose about 30%. The hydrolytic decomposition of chlorobutanol produces hydrochloric acid (HC1), resulting in a decreasing pH as a function of time. As a result, the hydrolysis rate also decreases. Chlorobutanol is generally used at a concentration of 0.5%. Its maximum water solubility is only about 0.7% at room temperature, which may be lowered by active or excipients, and is slow to dissolve. Heat can be used to increase dissolution rate but will also cause some decomposition and loss from sublimation. Concentrations as low as 0.125% have shown antimicrobial activity under the proper conditions. 

Among pharmaceuticals, antibiotics have become of special concern in recent years. The reason is that these substances are continuously being introduced into the environment and may spread and maintain bacterial resistance in the different compartments. Sulfonamides are very commonly used antimicrobials in humans but mainly in veterinary medicine, due to their broad spectrum of activity and low cost, being the second most widely used veterinary antibiotic in the EU. Their occurrence has been reported in all kinds of water matrices their high excretion rates (after their intake by humans of livestock) and high water solubility make them very ubiquitous and persistent pollutants in the environment. 

Rajagopalan P, Wudl F, Schinazi RF, Boudinot FD (1996) Pharmacokinetics of a water-soluble fullerene in rats. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40 2262-2265. 

R. F.Schinazi, R. Sijbesma, G. Srdanov, C. L. Hill, F. Wudl, Synthesis and virucidal activity of a water-soluble, configurationally stable, derivatized C60 fullerene, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol. 37, pp. 1707-1710,1993. 

A-heterocyclic derivatives of sulphanilamide, e.g. sulphadiazine, sul-phathiazole and sulphoxazole, have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. They are generally more water soluble, and thus better absorbed and retained better, i.e. excreted slowly. 

The water-soluble components of S. divinorum did not contain antimicrobials. In P. aeruginosa, very slight inhibition of growth of about 1 mm occurred around the edges of the disc. There was no visible inhibition of any of the other test organisms. 

A zone generally indicates fungicidal activity in the tested sample, but it can mean other things, including the leaching out of the antimicrobial into the colloid base (or partial water solubility), or it can mean volatility of the antimicrobial agent. A zone, therefore, must be interpreted carefully and considered only as one part of the entire picture. 

Thus hposomes can serve as carriers for both water-soluble and lipid-soluble drags. The liposomal encapsulation of a wide variety of drags, including antitumor and antimicrobial agents, chelating agents, peptides, proteins and genetic material have all been described. 

Preparing a water-soluble additives mixture containing water, salt, antimicrobial compounds, viscosity thickeners, and water-soluble flavorings. Formula amounts of thickeners and water-soluble flavorings increase as the fat content of a spread is reduced. The water should be microbiologically potable and deionized to remove calcium, magnesium, iron, and copper. 

Fullerenes Very tiny balls consisting of 60 carbon atoms with diameter of 0.7 nm Water-soluble carboxylic acid Cm derivatives acting as antimicrobials, being linked to a variety of active molecules 25, 38, 39... 

Silver(I) carbene complexes are characterised by a broad range of different structures [314]. Hence, it is not surprising that Melaiye et al. [488] found an infinite chain structure as the underlying motif in a water soluble silver(l) pincer carbene complex (see Figure 3.168). Water solubility was achieved by the introduction of pendant hydroxyalkyl wingtip groups. Water solubility of the silver(l) pincer carbene is desirable when the compound is used as an antimicrobial agent in medical applications [489]. 

One of the most widely used antimicrobial products today is 2,4,4 -trichloro-2 -hydroxydiphenyl ether, known more commonly as triclosan (Fig. 15. Id). Triclosan finds extensive use in mouthwashes, toothpastes, liquid hand soaps, deodorant products, and the like. Although it is effective against most bacteria, it has poor antifungal properties. Triclosan is also important as a textile finish, but since its water solubility is very low, aqueous application requires use of dispersing agents and binders. 

Dowcill 200 (Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI) is a water-soluble, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal compound. It is not inactivated by non-ionic, cationic, or anionic formulations, and it is particularly effective against Pseudomonas. Its activity is independent of pH effective concentration is 0.02-0.30%. 

Potassium sorbate has less antimicrobial activity than sorbic acid, but is more water soluble. Most potassium sorbate compounds will contain sorbic acid. A specification for potassium sorbate is contained in the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). 

The tetracyclines are amphoteric antimicrobial agents that can form salts with bases or acids (see Chs 1 and 2). Oxytetracycline is a bitter, yellow, odorless crystalline powder. The base is slightly water soluble and the hydrochloride is readily water soluble and is typically administered to horses by slow i.v. injection. It is effective at 5.5 mg/kg once daily for 2 days or more in the treatment of B. equi but is unlikely to completely clear this infection. It is, therefore, used for premunition. Rapid i.v. injection may cause a precipitous drop in blood pressure and collapse owing to the effects of calcium chelation on the myocardium. Intramuscular injection causes objectionable local reactions in horses and should be avoided. Oral administration may be more... 

The water-soluble and water-insoluble parts of the methanol extract of Achillea sintenisii Hub. Mor. were assayed for their antimicrobial activities against 12 bacteria and 2 yeasts [26]. No activity was exhibited by the water-soluble subfraction, whereas the water-insoluble subtraction of the methanol extract was found to be active against some of the test microorganisms studied. 

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