Water reuse applications

Keywords Integrated water management, Public technology. Regulations, Water reuse applications... 

B. A. Bolto, Magnetic particle technology desalination and water reuse applications. Desalination 106, 137-143 (1996). 

For some water reuse applications, activated carbon may be employed to adsorb 90 to 98% of any residual degradation-resistant organics when necessary. The resultant effluent quality is adequate for many industrial coolant or irrigation applications. After minimal further treatment, such as by reaeration and chlorination, it could even be reused for potable purposes in an emergency [55]. However, not enough is known about the potential for accumulation of trace toxins to recommend this procedure for long-term potable water use. 

D.R. Brown, Treating Bahrain zone C groundwater using the EDR process, Desalination, 1981, 38, 537 R.R Allison, Electrodialysis reversal in water reuse application, Desalination, 1995, 103, 11-18 W.E. Katz, Desalination by ED and EDR - state-of-the art in 1981, Desalination, 1982, 42, 129-139. 

Tire Zee Weed submerged-membrane technology and equipment for the project was provided by GE Water. Process Technologies. GE s Zee Weed membrane bioreactor systems combine ultiafiltration technology w ith biological treatment for municipal, commercial and industrial wastewater treatment and water reuse applications,... 

Membrane bioreactor technology has become mature and can be applied in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. The process may play a major role in future waste-water treatment and water reuse applications. 

Childress, A., Le-Clech, P., Daugherty, J. L., Chen, C., and Leslie, G. (2005). Mechanical analysis of hollow fiber membrane integrity in water reuse applications. Desalination 180(1-3), 5-14. 

Fig. 2 Examples of treatment trains including disinfection through intensive or extensive processes for water reuse in agriculture and other applications implemented in different countries [16]...

The potential contribution of water reuse to the integrated management of water resources still remains considerably undeveloped, though a wide range of rehable, efficient and cost effective technical solutions are available for each t3q>e of reuse application. 

Asano et al. (2007) Water Reuse Issues, Technologies, and Applications. Asano T, Burton F, Leverenz, H. Metcalf Eddy, Inc., New York... 

Table 2 Application of advanced technologies for water reuse in industrial activities, examples of R D in countries facing water scarcity... 

New results of multiple membrane separation are presented, which showed a possible feasibility for industrial application in the near future The NF permeate obtained (membrane NF90) could meet specifications for water reuse in the textile industry... 

Lesli GL, Mills WR, Dunivin WR et al (1998) Performance and economic evaluation of membrane processes for reuse application. In Proceedings of water reuse conference. Lake Buena Vista, PL, USA... 

Has consideration been given to the conservation of water through application of integrated source control on a process-by-process basis, for example, conservation of water, reuse of water, recycling of water ... 

A mathematical formulation based on uneven discretization of the time horizon for the reduction of freshwater utilization and wastewater production in batch processes has been developed. The formulation, which is founded on the exploitation of water reuse and recycle opportunities within one or more processes with a common single contaminant, is applicable to both multipurpose and multiproduct batch facilities. The main advantages of the formulation are its ability to capture the essence of time with relative exactness, adaptability to various performance indices (objective functions) and its structure that renders it solvable within a reasonable CPU time. Capturing the essence of time sets this formulation apart from most published methods in the field of batch process integration. The latter are based on the assumption that scheduling of the entire process is known a priori, thereby specifying the start and/or end times for the operations of interest. This assumption is not necessary in the model presented in this chapter, since water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored within a broader scheduling framework. In this instance, only duration rather start/end time is necessary. Moreover, the removal of this assumption allows problem analysis to be performed over an unlimited time horizon. The specification of start and end times invariably sets limitations on the time horizon over which water reuse/recycle opportunities can be explored. In the four scenarios explored in... 

Based on the previous studies and the above discussions, it is required to achieve environmentally sustainable development in textile industry since closing of water cycle is highly recommended [29]. It can often be done by the application of the combined membrane-biological processes, especially by the implementation of NF-biological and RO-biological processes, which enables the water reuse process, thereby the minimization of freshwater consumption. 

Increased reliance on coal combustion can give rise to significant fly ash storage or disposal problems. Most fly ash is presently used as a low cost material for construction purposes and also as cover material for landfills. Other, more economically advantegeous, uses for this inexpensive material would be desirable. One such use for fly ash could be to treat ash pond effluent for reuse by power plants as cooling tower makeup water. Another application could be as... 

Electrochemistry can be used for a number of purposes linked to water and effluent treatment. The most obvious of these involve the removal of ionic components from waters by application of an appropriate potential. This is employed to remove metal ions from process streams and often leads to recovery of the metal, which can be reused. Clearly, cell designs which favour high electrode surface area/catholyte volume ratios are to be recommended. 

The most common uses of RO are for desalination of seawater and brackish water for potable and industrial applications. However, as demand for fresh water grows, RO is being pressed into service for wastewater and reuse applications. These will require extensive pretreatment, sometimes involving other membrane technologies such as micro- or ultrafiltration, to minimize fouling of the RO membranes (see Chapter 16). 

---