Water retentivity

Hydrocortisone and Prednisolone. Following the discovery of the antiinflammatory actions of cortisone (1) and cortisol (2), there was a need not only to develop highly efficient routes to the corticoids, but to discover novel stmctures with fewer side effects than those of the corticoids, eg, sodium and water retention, reduced carbohydrate tolerance (steroid diabetes), osteoporosis, and depressed host defense. 

Citric acid is used in carbonated beverages to provide tartness, modify and enhance flavors, and chelate trace metals. It is often added to jams and jellies to control pH and provide tartness. It is used in cured and freeze-dried meat products to protect the amino acids (qv) and improve water retention. Bakers use it to improve the flavor of fmit fillings in baked goods. Because citric acid is a good chelator for trace metals, it is used as an antioxidant synergist in fats and oils, and as a preservative in frozen fish and shellfish (7) (see Antioxidaisits). 

Other. A large variety of additives are used in paper-coatiag colors primarily to modify the physical properties of the colors (102). At high soHds concentrations in water, mineral pigment particles tend to associate and form viscous pastes. Dispersants (qv) are used to prevent this and to provide low viscosity slurries. Common dispersants include polyphosphates and sodium polyacrylate [9003-04-7]. Various water-soluble polymers are added to coatiag colors and act as water-retention agents and as rheology modifiers. 

Poly(vinyl alcohol) is used as an additive to dry-wall joint cements and stucco finish compounds. Rapid cold-water solubiUty, which can be achieved with finely ground PVA, is important in many dry mixed products. Partially hydrolyzed grades are commercially available in fine-particle size under the name S-grades. The main purpose of the poly(vinyl alcohol) is to improve adhesion and act as a water-retention aid. 

Moreover, digitahs has indirect effects on the circulation, which in normal hearts results in a small increase in arterial pressure, peripheral resistance, and cardiac output (114). The effects of digitahs on the circulation of an individual experiencing congestive heart failure are much more dramatic, however. The increased cardiac output, for example, increases renal blood flow which can reheve in part the edema of CHF associated with salt and water retention (114). 

Calcium channel blockers cause more pronounced lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients than in normotensive individuals. Generally, all calcium channel blockers cause an immediate increase in PRA during acute treatment in patients having hypertension but PRA is normalized during chronic treatment despite the sustained decrease in blood pressure. These agents also do not generally produce sodium and water retention, unlike the conventional vasodilators. This is because they produce diuretic effects by direct actions on the kidney. 

Crystal growth modifiers have been employed to improve filterabiHty and water retention of Ca(OCl)2 2H20, which typically crystallizes as fine plates. Addition of zinc dust or salts produces larger square- and diamond-shaped, untwinned dihydrate crystals (215). Coarse prismatic crystals are obtained by use of carbohydrates and carboxyHc acids and thek salts (216). 

Ascites. Patients with cirrhosis, especially fiver cirrhosis, very often develop ascites, ie, accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This is the final event resulting from the hemodynamic disturbances in the systemic and splanchnic circulations that lead to sodium and water retention. When therapy with a low sodium diet fails, the dmg of choice for the treatment of ascites is furosemide, a high ceiling (loop) diuretic, or spironolactone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist/potassium-sparing diuretic. 

Water-retention curve Graph showing soil-water content as a function of increasingly negative soil water potential. 

K. Grob and Z. Li, Intr oduction of water and water-containing solvent mixtures in capillary gas cliromatography. II. Wettability of precolumns by mixtures of organic solvents and water retention gas techniques , ]. Chromatogr. 473 391-400 (1989). 

Construction Soil stabilization water absorber water retention aids in cements, grouts, and tiles improvement of mechanical properties of cement and gypsum plasters and water based paints... 

In the kidney, ANG II reduces renal blood flow and constricts preferentially the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus with the result of increased glomerular filtration pressure. ANG II further enhances renal sodium and water reabsorption at the proximal tubulus. ACE inhibitors thus increase renal blood flow and decrease sodium and water retention. Furthermore, ACE inhibitors are nephroprotective, delaying the progression of glomerulosclerosis. This also appears to be a result of reduced ANG II levels and is at least partially independent from pressure reduction. On the other hand, ACE inhibitors decrease glomerular filtration pressure due to the lack of ANG II-mediated constriction of the efferent arterioles. Thus, one important undesired effect of ACE inhibitors is impaired glomerular filtration rate and impaired kidney function. 

Bradykinin stimulates natriuresis and, through stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis, inhibits the actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), thereby inhibiting water retention. Bradykinin further improves insulin sensitivity and cellular glucose utilization of skeletal muscle cells in experimental models. This, however, appears not to be relevant in the clinical context. 

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone is defined by water retention, dilutional hyponatraemia and decreased volume of highly concentrated urine. There are several causes which can result in SIADH, neoplasms ectopic secreting AVP, ectopic release of AVP by various diseases or drugs, exogenous administration of AVP, desmopressin, lysipressin or large doses of OT (iatrogenic SLADH). 

Fiscal softeners promote water retention in the fecal mass and soften the stool. One difference between emollient laxatives and fecal softeners is that the emollient laxatives do not promote the retention of water in the stool. Examples of fecal softeners include docusate sodium (Cblace)and docusate caldum (Surfak). 

D Excess Hu id Volume related to adverse reactions (sodium and water retention)... 

Sodium and water retention may also occur with androgen or anabolic steroid administration, causing die patient to become edematous, hi addition, otiier electrolyte imbalances, such as hypercalcemia, may occur. The nurse monitors the patient for fluid and electrolyte disturbances (see Chap. 58 for signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbance). 

Older adults with cardiac problems or kidney disease are at increased risk for sodium and water retention when taking the androgens or anabolic steroids. 

MANAGING SODIUM AND WATER RETENTION. Sodium and water retention may occur during female hormone therapy, hi addition to reporting any swelling of die hands, ankles, or feet to the primary health care provider, die nurse weighs the hospitalized patient daily, keeps an accurate record of die intake and output, encourages ambulation (if not on bed rest), and helps the patient to eat a diet low in sodium (if prescribed by the primary health care provider). 

There was a discrepancy between water salinity limits for the three locations, which may be attributed to factors related to difference in soil texture and stmcture. This affects soil infiltration capacity and water retention. These soil hydrologic characteristics influence salt development in the soil profile, which affects plant... 

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