Linker proteins

Mechanical functions of cells require interactions between integral membrane proteins and the cyto-skeleton. These functions include organization of signaling cascades, formation of cell junctions and regulation of cell shape, motility, endo- and exocytosis. Several different families of membrane-associated proteins mediate specific interactions among integral membrane proteins, cytoskeletal proteins and contractile proteins. Many of these linker proteins consist largely of various combinations of conserved protein-association domains, which often occur in multiple variant copies. 

Roosevelt Road Rockford, IL 61109 Cross-linkers, protein modification reagents... 

Maatta, A., DiColandrea, T., Groot, K., and Watt, F. M. (2001). Gene targeting of envoplakin, a cytoskeletal linker protein and precursor of the epidermal cornified envelope. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 7047-7053. 

Yang, Y., Dowling, J., Yu, Q.-C., Kouklis, P., Cleveland, D. W., and Fuchs, E. (1996). An essential cytoskeletal linker protein connecting actin microfilaments to intermediate filaments. Cell 86, 655-665. 

DMD is a severe X-linked recessive, progressive muscle wasting disease that affects approximately 1 in 3500 newborn males (Emery, 1991). An allelic variant of DMD is also known, referred to as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). It has a later onset and lesser phenotype than DMD, resulting in longer life expectancy (reviewed in O Brien and Kunkel, 2001). DMD is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that encodes the cytoskeletal linker protein dystrophin. The vast majority of DMD mutations result in the... 

Bernier G, Pool M, Kilcup M, Alfoldi J, De Repentigny Y, et al. 2000. Acf7 (MACF) is an actin and microtubule linker protein whose expression predominates in neural, muscle, and lung development. Dev Dyn 219 216-225. 

Fig. 13.6 Control of caspases by inhibitors in oMyc-induced proliferation. Caspase inhibitors (lAPs) are inactivated by phosphorylation by ASK-1. ASK-1 is an apoptotic signal-regulated protein kinase, which binds to the CD95iyCD95 ligand-receptor complex with the help of a special linker protein. Interaction with the receptor-ligand complex activates the kinase and shuts off the caspase Inhibitors (lAPs), by phosphorylation. The caspase is activated and blocks Bcl-2, (which normally prevents apoptosis), seiKling the cell towards apoptosis.

Uitto, J., Richard, G., McGrath, J.A. (2007). Diseases of epidermal keratins and their linker proteins. Exp. Cell Res. 313 1995-2009. 

Wilhelmsen, K., Litjens, S.H., Kuikman, L, Tshimbalanga, N., Janssen, H., van den Bout, I., Raymond, K. and Sonnenberg, A. (2005) Nesprin-3, a novel outer nuclear membrane protein, associates with the cytoskeletal linker protein plectin. J. Cell Biol. 171, 799-810. 

Komarova YA, Akhmanova AS, Kojima S, Galjart N, Borisy GG. Cytoplasmic linker proteins promote microtubule rescue in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 2002 159 589-599. 

Streptauidin and biotin-labeling of enzymes or linker proteins... 

Kirsch J, Betz H (1993) Widespread expression of gephyrin, a putative glycine receptor-tubulin linker protein, in rat brain. Brain Res., 621, 301-310. 

Proteoglycan aggregates are typically found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. The noncovalent attachment of each proteoglycan to hyaluronic acid via the core protein is mediated by two linker proteins (not shown). Proteoglycans interact with numerous fibrous proteins in the extracellular matrix such as collagen, elastin, and fibronectin (a glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion). 

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