Waste solution, treatment

Mannich polymers Cationic, solution polymer flocculants with a MW of 5 to 8 M. Very high viscosity at only 4 to 8% active strength solution liquid. A hydrolyed polyacrylamide, it is very useful for general municipal waste water treatment. The dose rate normally is 200 to 300 ppm or more. 

Boyd, T. E. Kochen, R. L. Ferrite Treatment of Actinide Waste Solutions A Preliminary Study, U.S. DOE Rept. RFP-3299, Rockwell International, Golden, Colorado, July 30, 1982. 

A ferrite waste treatment process is being investigated to determine if it can more effectively remove actinides from waste solution with less solid waste generation than the flocculant precipitation method presently used (18). 

The electrochemical generator is designed for both small (0.136-4.5 kg C102/day) and larger scale (0.5-27 kg/h range and more) chlorine dioxide production rates. The chlorine dioxide solution from this system is suitable for sanitizing and disinfection applications as well as waste water treatment. 

The U.S. Bureau of Mines-Reno Research Center is conducting research on the chemical treatment of process waste waters by ion elutriation for removing low levels of anions from cyanide solutions. This research has been coordinated with other centers for developing a waste water treatment system. 

It has been estimated that over 400,000 m of dilute waste pesticide solution are generated In the United States annually ( 1 ). While the bulk of these waste solutions are used legally as spray diluent, some are disposed of by chemical or biological treatment, Incineration, or In soil pits and evaporation ponds (1-3). 

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is one of the most widely determined parameters in managing organic pollution. The conventional BOD test includes a 5-day incubation period, so a more expeditious and reproducible method for assessment of this parameter is required. Trichosporon cutaneum, a microorganism formerly used in waste water treatment, has also been employed to construct a BOD biosensor. The dynamic system where the sensor was implemented consisted of a 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7 saturated with dissolved oxygen which was transferred to a flow-cell at a rate of 1 mL/min. When the current reached a steady-state value, a sample was injected into the flow-cell at 0.2 mL/min. The steady-state current was found to be dependent on the BOD of the sample solution. After the sample was flushed from the flow-cell, the current of the microbial sensor gradually returned to its initial level. The response time of microbial sensors depends on the nature of the sample solution concerned. A linear relationship was foimd between the current difference (i.e. that between the initial and final steady-state currents) and the 5-day BOD assay of the standard solution up to 60 mg/L. The minimum measurable BOD was 3 mg/L. The current was reproducible within 6% of the relative error when a BOD of 40 mg/L was used over 10 experiments [128]. 

The technology developer, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL), has compiled cost estimates (in 1994 U.S. dollars) for the CHEMIC process based on treatment of a simulated waste solution contaminated with metals (cadmium and lead at feed concentrations from 1 to 5 mg/liter) and strontium-90 [from 1000 to 2000 becquerel per liter (Bq/liter)]. The target treatment level is <0.014 mg/liter lead, <0.02 mg/liter cadmium, and <10 Bq/liter strontium-90. See Table 1 for estimates associated with this cost analysis. The AECL analysis indicated that costs of the CHEMIC process compared favorably with the estimated costs for treatment using reverse osmosis or fixed-bed ion exchange. 

Hydrolysis Hazardous waste chemical treatment mediod wherein chemical compounds are decomposed by a reaction with water agents such as alkaline solutions as well as high temperatures and pressures are often used to promote desired reaction. 

Another method of chemical treatment involves controlling the pH of the waste solution so metals will not be soluble when exposed to acidic conditions. Since... 

The FINAL TREATMENT Distillation Unit uses a new method to concentrate the cyanide ions in order to minimize the volume of the waste solution. 

Tubular reactors with many oxygen feedpoints (Fig. 9.4-6), are supplied for solution-treatment by Eco Waste Technology (EWT), Texas, USA [12]. Tubular reactors are designed with small diameters, so fluid circulation is high and salts-deposition is avoided. Through the design, the deposition of solids already present in the feed can be avoided, but precipitated salts formed inside the reactor have a tendency to adhere themselves to the reactor walls. 

Adsorption has for some time been recognized in the chemical industries as an effective process for a wide range of solute-solvent separations. The past several years have witnessed a rapidly mounting interest in adsorption as a unit operation for water and waste water treatment. Beyond this, there is an increasing realization of the significance of adsorption phenomena in a large number and wide variety of other treatment operations and natural processes associated with water. 

It is frequently desirable, particularly in the field of waste-water treatment, to operate a continuous fermenter at high dilution rates. With a simple stirred-tank this has two effects—one is that the substrate concentration in the effluent will rise, and the other is that such a system in practice tends to be unstable. One solution to this problem is to use a fermenter with a larger working volume, but an alternative strategy is to devise a method to retain the biomass in the fermenter whilst allowing the spent feed to pass out. There are several methods by which this may be achieved (see Fig. 5.60), and the net effect is the same in each case, but the analysis might... 

Dyes are significant because of these production volumes and their potential release into the environment from manufacture, processing, and use. Spent dye solutions from textile dyeing operations ultimately are discharged to surface water after some form of waste-water treatment, and dyes not effectively removed from the wastewater may result in environmental and human exposure. 

T. Moller, Selective crystalline inorganic materials as ion exchangers in the treatment of nuclear waste solutions, PhD dissertation, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 2002. 

In the case of the treatment of waste solutions for the recovery of americium 241, the distribution of tasks was based essentially on storage volume requirements. The first purification cycles were performed in Pollux which has capacity for storing large volumes of solutions final purification of americium 241 was performed in Irene. 

Treatment of waste solution. The objective of the treatment of wastes of the type described in Table II is twofold first, the elimination of alpha-emitters from the waste, and secondly the recovery of americium 241 which can be utilized directly. Since all the waste solutions contain nitric acid, the only parameters which can conveniently be defined are ... 

Treatment of Waste Solutions containing Americium. The process flowsheets developed to treat Masurca waste and the solution from recycling of Pu02 scrap are presented in Figure 6. Treatment of the Masurca whste is complex and requires the following steps. 

Double carbonate, double sulfate or double acetate has been used to separate and recover actinide so far (7, 8). However,high concentrations of carbonate, sulfate or acetate are necessary for their effective precipitation. On the other hand, relatively low concentrations of sulfate or carbonate are sufficient for the precipitation of actinide in the present method. Therefore, it is favorable for treatment of waste solution after separation and recovery of actinide. 

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